PSYC 105 Introduction To Psychology

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PSYC 105 Introduction To Psychology

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PSYC 105 Introduction To Psychology

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Course Code: PSYC105
University: Randolph College

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Country: United States

Questions

1. Describe the key components of Lazarus’s theory. Pay special attention to notions about factors that impact adaptation to stress, the cognitive appraisal model, and the role emotion-focused strategies play in the reduction of stress.
 
2. Finally, according to Lazarus, what are the neurological, physiological, behavioral arousal components of emotion based?
3. Compare and contrast depression and Seligman’s theory of learned helplessness. Make sure you address issues of cognitive distortions, cognitive schemas, genetic predispositions; neurotransmitters involved in depression, pessimism, and learned helplessness. Which theory resonates for you? Why?

Answers
1. As per Lazarus, stress is a state of mind which is reached when the person suffering from it starts believing that his or associated demands has exceeded the level of personal and social resources which he was able to mobilize (Lazarus, 2013). Further he also adds to the factors that neither the environment nor the person define the level of stress but the person and his perception about stress determines the level of stress. In this theory, stress is shown as a state of mind which is changed by the human mind and its determination (Moors et al., 2013). If the person does not want to be affected with the effects of stress, then the stress will not affect the person, as the person will overcome his or her vulnerability.
On the other hand cognitive appraisal theory is the evaluation process within psychology in which the emotions of people are extracted from this assessment procedure so that different people and their specific reactions could be identified (Nahum-Shani, Hekler & Spruijt-Metz, 2015). This is the way assessment of people and their way of reaction in any emotional situation could be identified. Therefore, there are several emotion focused strategies which could be used to reduce stress in people. The first are keeping the person affected with stress busy in his or her work so that stress and emotions cannot affect the person extensively (Lazarus, 2013). The second strategy will be travelling and implementing effective change in life so that people can make new memories and could forget the stressful situations in life.
2. The cognitive mediational theory determines that the human emotions are determined by the arousal of the stimulus and then appraisal of the stimulus which occurs between the stimulus and the emotional responses (Reivich et al., 2013). This model of health included three primary aspects such as stress, health and lifestyle. Therefore, it is shown that previously witnessed or experienced fear and anxiety is able to create emotional arousal in the patients who are unable to react to sew stressors of the environment (Moors et al., 2013). Further, it has also be seen that due to issues occurred in the emotional arousal people starts reacting angrily and euphoric and angry behavior is observed.
3. Helplessness is the state of mind using which several theories and fundamental concepts have been prepared and hence, it is an important concept which is used to determine the interpersonal events which is responsible for the effective care and counselling of the person (Reivich et al., 2013). Learned helplessness is the phenomenon which occurs when people feel helplessness to avoid several negative situations. This was first observed by the physiologist Martin Seligman while he was conducting his tests on a dog (Maier & Seligman, 2013). This was observed that the dog did not escape the place instead of suffering from multiple shocks as it understood that the shocks will never stop and he had to live with it. Hence it involved pessimism, depression, learned helplessness and cognitive distortions that affects the situation of the sufferer while going through the helpless phase (Lazarus, 2013).
References
Lazarus, R. S. (2013). Fifty years of the research and theory of RS Lazarus: An analysis of historical and perennial issues. Psychology Press.
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. Psychological review, 123(4), 349.
Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5(2), 119-124.
Nahum-Shani, I., Hekler, E. B., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2015). Building health behavior models to guide the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions: A pragmatic framework. Health Psychology, 34(S), 1209.
Reivich, K., Gillham, J. E., Chaplin, T. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2013). From helplessness to optimism: The role of resilience in treating and preventing depression in youth. In Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 201-214). Springer, Boston, MA.

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