Mental Health Disorders

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Mental Health Disorders

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Questions:
1.Define Psychopathology and explain its Cultural context.

2.Define mental health, mental health problems and mental disorders.

3.Explain the diathesis-stress model and list/explain how other approaches to psychopathology can be incorporated into this model.

4.Summarize the advantages [why use it?] and disadvantages [what are the controversies?] of latest edition of DSM classification system.

5.Choose a major psychopathological syndromes and provide details of key symptoms and possible causes of this particular disorder.

Answers:

1.Psychopathology may be defined as the term which helps in referring the study of mental illness as well as mental distress. It also incorporates the manifestation of the different behaviors and experiences which help in indicating that a person is suffering from mental illness or psychological impairment (Carli et al. 2013). There has been both etic and emic perspectives for such disorders. From etic perspectives, researchers try to identify the different types of universal elements but emic perspectives are also associated with it. This may help in development of different culture specific therapies and may also help to provide valuable information regarding different psychological problems in different cultures. It also involves the development as a function of the different important demands which cultures place on individuals. Moreover culture bound syndromes may also help in illuminating more general patterns of different cultural values.
2.Mental health can be defined as the state of health that includes emotional, social as well as psychological well being of individuals. It involves how an individual handle stress, relate to others as well as make choices, think, feel and act.
Mental health problems take place when an individual faces problem that affects the way he thinks, feels and behaves which might be due to different biological factors as well as social determinants of health. Different cultures have their own ways of treatment and diagnosis of sch problems (Jones 2013). It may result from common mental health problems like anxiety and depression to more rare problems like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Mental disorders can be described as the health conditions which involve certain changes in thinking, behavior as well as emotions or may be a combination of all. They mainly remains associated with distress and problems functioning in work, family or social activities. It may be mild affecting daily life activities in a milder ways like abnormal fears; others may be severe and needs hospitalizations for treatment.

3.The diathesis-stress model of mental health care may be defined as the attempt taken in the psychological theory which helps in explaining and dissection of a disorder as the result of an interaction between predispositional vulnerability and also stress that occur due to life experiences (Swearer and Hymel 2015). A diathesis can take the form of different genetic, biological, psychological as well as situational factors. This interacts with a individuals’ stress response to cause a disorder. The popular social model of healthcare which economic, environmental and social determinants to be the main reasons that lead to mental problems. Both the models stresses on the similar principles.
4.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders is published by the American psychiatric association and mainly helps by offering common language and also standard criteria for the classification of different mental disorders. The main advantages are that this helps in standardization of the diagnosis, helps in communication Shorthand allowing symptoms to be referred quickly, helps in developing the aetiology (that helps in knowing the diagnosis which can help in research in underlying causes). It also helps in having therapies. The disadvantages are that historical and cultural context have heavy influences on them like in case of 1973 when homosexuality was removed from DSM as social attitudes changed. It sometimes also lead to misdiagnosis leading to negative effects on patients and wring institutionalization.
5.Schizophrenia is mainly caused due to hereditary factors. Researchers state that of a single parent, brother or sister has it, there is chance of 40% and if both a presents have it, there is a chance of 40 % of the individual being affected. Certain environmental triggers like viral infections, improper nutrition form mother, mind altering drugs like methamphetamines or LSD all can contribute to such disorder. Ventricles being larger, medial temporal lobes being smaller, fewer connections among brain cells are noted by researchers as causes of this disorder (Frith 2014). Some of the symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal motor behaviors, suicide tendencies and others

References:
Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C.W., Brunner, R. and Kaess, M., 2013. The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology, 46(1), pp.1-13.
Frith, C.D., 2014. The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology Press.
Jones, P. B. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s5-s10.
Swearer, S.M. and Hymel, S., 2015. Understanding the psychology of bullying: Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis–stress model. American Psychologist, 70(4), p.34

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