M31062 Sports Facility Management

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M31062 Sports Facility Management

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M31062 Sports Facility Management

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Course Code: M31062
University: University Of Portsmouth

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Country: United Kingdom

Question:

Injury literature review:  
The assignment is to choose a sport of your choice; identify three common injuries associated with that sport, the incidence, prevalence rate of those injuries, causes of the injuries, types of the injuries, anatomical structures affected in those injuries, the signs and symptoms of those injuries, the preventive methods that have been adopted to prevent the occurrence of those injuries?
Please use sport of Tennis – 3 injuries: tennis elbow, rotator cuff, ankle sprain. 
Applied injury management: 
Choose one injury out of the three and describe an exercise protocol to prevent it, what is your role as a coach when the injury occurs on field? How would you respond and assess it? What acute injury on field management would you do for that injury? In this injury who all would be part of your support staff? Explain their role in this injury?

Answer:

Introduction
Sporting activities play a critical role in our contemporary society. In New Zealand approximate 45% of the population play sports activities. Despite, the benefits of sporting activities in a person’s health it may also lead to severe injuries. Typically, tennis is a universal game played at all ages and all level of society (Anderson, & Parr, 2013). Tennis is a racket game that can be performed on either one opponent against one challenger or two opponents against two challengers. The primary goal of the game is to maneuver the tennis ball in such a way that the challenger is unable to play a valid return (Anderson, & Parr, 2013). Tennis elbow is a common injury where the pain is intensive on both the arm and the elbow. Usually, the damage occurs when the muscles around the elbow are strained over and over again. For instance, in tennis hitting backhand strains the muscles around the forearm. However, the injury can be avoided if one has a proper technique for handling the racquet.
On the other hand, the rotator cuff is an injury associated with muscles around the shoulder. The damage occurs when the tendons tissue is progressively stained. Typically, joints are vulnerable to injury especial among the tennis players as there is a movement of muscles around the shoulder. Tennis game involves running, and in the process, a player might land on the outside of the foot, with the foot turns inward. Therefore, the lateral ankle ligament is damage.
Nevertheless, the injury is unavoidable, but the risk can be reduced by ensuring a player perform a complete warm-up before the game starts and regular training so that the body can get used to the game (Armstrong, & Hubbard, 2016). Due, to the tedious nature of tennis, both the pros and amateur players are at risk of tennis elbow, rotator cuff, and ankle sprain injuries. However, the risks can be reduced in some ways. For example, through regular training and performing a complete warm-up before the start of any game.
Literature Review: Tennis Elbow Injury
Tennis elbow is a common injury in tennis where the pain is severe on both the arm and the elbow. Usually, the damage occurs when the muscles around the elbow are strained over and over again. Typically, it is the inflammation of the tendons that cause pain in both the arm and the elbow.  According to Young et at., (2015), any tedious activities that involve gripping may contribute to the damage. Recent studies have shown that the injury is common among people aged 41 to 45 years.
Prevalence of Tennis Elbow Injury
Tennis is the most common racquet game across the globe. Tennis sport is a universal game played at all ages and all level of society. According to Furness et al., (2015) tennis elbow tends to affect both women and men equally. However, the prevalence rate of elbow injury is 15% among the professional players when compared to 30% among the amateurs. Despite, the condition viewed as tennis injury only 10% of tennis players make up the patient population.
Causes of Tennis Elbow Injury
Tennis elbow is branded as an overuse injury of the forearm. Usually, the damage occurs when the muscles around the elbow are strained for a prolonged period. Tedious movements like gripping a racket during swing put too much strain on the tendons which cause tears of the tissues resulting in the pain around the forearm (Doherty et al., 2015). Also, in tennis, hitting backhand strains the muscles around the forearm which contract when a player hit the ball.
Type of the Injury
Tennis elbow injury is a type of musculoskeletal condition that causes pain in both the arm and the elbow. Typically, this type of damage affects the tendons which are tissues that connect the muscles of the lower arm to the bone. Moreover, this type of injury is a painful injury caused by overuse of the elbow tendons which results in inflammation and tiny tears of the ligaments and eventual; the result is tennis elbow pain.
Anatomical Structures Affected in Tennis Elbow Injury
A person’s elbow plays a critical role in the movement of the arm. The elbow joint is made up of three bones the radius, ulna, and humerus which are held together by the tendons, extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscles and the ligaments (Cools, Johansson, Borms, & Maenhout, 2015). Typically, the tendons and the ECRB muscles are linked with the tennis elbow injury because the injury occurs when the muscles around the elbow are strained. For instance, it happens when a player grips a racket during swing which puts too much strain on the tendons thus causes tears of the tissues resulting in the pain around the forearm and the elbow.
Signs and Symptoms of Tennis Elbow
The signs and symptoms of tennis elbow advance progressively. In most scenarios, the pain starts as a trifling and gradually deteriorate as time progresses. However, there is no precise damage associated with the flinch of symptoms. The typical signs and symptoms of the injury are weak grip and pain on elbow. Usually, the pain degenerate when the forearm is subjected to a continues strenuous activities such as turning a wrench, gripping a racquet, shaking hands or lifting something (Lewis, McCreesh, Roy, & Ginn, 2015). Recent studies have shown that the most affected arm is the dominant arm because it is subjected to overworking. However, both arms are susceptible to the tennis elbow injury.
Preventive Methods that have been Adopted to Prevent the Occurrence of Tennis Elbow Injury
It must be noted that avoiding tennis elbow injury is difficult, but the risk of the condition can be reduced. Tennis coaches across the globe have adopted the technique of warming up before the game start (Houlihan, & Malcolm, 2015). Warming-up is an appropriate technique in preventing the occurrence of the injury as the muscles will be flexible hence reducing the chances of getting the damage. Also, regular training is a significant method that will prevent the occurrence of the injury as the body will get used to the activity thus, reducing the risk of developing tennis elbow.
Nevertheless, regular exercise will strengthen the forearm muscles which can help reduce the chances of getting tennis elbow. Lastly, the most common technique is wearing the tennis elbow splint when playing the game. The method is useful as it reduces pressure around the elbow hence, preventing the occurrence.
Rotator Cuff Injury
The rotator cuff is an injury associated with muscles around the shoulder. The damage occurs when the tendon tissue is progressively stained. Stereotypically, a shoulder is vulnerable to injury especial among tennis players as there is a movement of muscles around the joint. The rotator cuff is universal among tennis players as their shoulders are subjected to a wide range of motion which strains the muscles during the game (Ribbans, Ribbans, Cruickshank, & Wood, 2015). The injury can be prevented through consistent exercises as the muscles will be strengthened. Recent studies have shown that muscles imbalances are a high contributor of rotator cuff injuries in tennis players. Therefore, any exercise should be done appropriately to avoid cases of muscles imbalances.
Prevalence of Rotator Cuff Injury
Tennis game is one of the overhead sports, making its players vulnerable to rotator cuff injury. The study that was conducted by Furness et al., (2015) indicated that 59% of tennis players who continue to play at their middle age, the prevalence of rotator cuff injury increases. However, the precise causes of rotator cuff injuries are not known, but the incidence appears to increase with age. Moreover, recent studies have shown that rotator cuff injury is common among the tennis players, 60% of tennis players are affected with this type of injury.
Causes of Rotator Cuff Injury
Rotator cuff injuries occur when the tendons tissue is progressively stained. Typically, shoulders are vulnerable to injuries especial among the tennis players as there is a movement of muscles around the joint. According to Furness et al., (2015) rotator cuff injury may be the fallouts of either progressive disintegration of the tendons tissues or an extensive injury to the shoulder. It must be noted that monotonous overhead activities over a continued period damage the tendons. Age is one of the factors that increase the risk of rotator cuff injury. Past studies have shown that as one gets older, he/she becomes more vulnerable to the condition.
Type of the Injury
The rotator cuff is a set of tendons and muscles that consent the movement of both the shoulder and the arm. Also, rotator cuff clutches the shoulders joints in its place. Rotator injury is a type of musculoskeletal condition that causes pain in the shoulder (Furness et al., (2015). Moreover, it is a critical injury that needs to be treated early to avoid complications such as permanent loss of motion or severe deterioration of the shoulder joint.  
Anatomical Structures Affected in Rotator Cuff  
A person’s shoulder plays a critical role in the day to day activities, but many people take it for granted. Joints help players especially tennis play to serve the ball, for instance during wind up or early cocking. Typically, Rotator cuff is a set of tendons and muscles that consent the movement of both the shoulder and the arm. It helps a person to raise or rotate his or her arm. Kinetic chain theory state that all segment of the body needs to be in shape to produce a perfect serve.
Signs and Symptoms of Rotator Cuff
The signs and symptoms of rotator cuff advance gradually. The common sign and symptoms of the rotator cuff are swelling and pain in front of your arm and shoulder. Also, the pain is prompted by lowering or raising your arm. The stiffness of the joint is one of the signs of the rotator cuff. Moreover, the damage is associated with a clicking sound when one raises his or her arm.
Preventive Methods that have been Adopted to Prevent the Occurrence of Rotator Cuff Injury
Past studies have shown that regular strengthening exercise and stretches help to reduce the risk of rotator cuff as the muscles around the shoulder get used to the repetitive activity. It is important to strengthen both the back and front muscles of the shoulder to avoid a case of muscles imbalances. For example, face-pulls exercise is the best exercise to strengthen the back muscles of a joint. Training is an effective method to prevent the occurrence of rotator tears as it occurs because of weak shoulders muscles sustenance. Also, shoulder exercise is an added advantage as it adds power to both groundstrokes and serves.
Ankle Sprain Injury
Ankle sprain injury is a common injury among tennis players because moving and returning effective ball is the primary objective of the game and in the process, a player might land on the outside of the foot resulting in an ankle twist. It must be noted that the injury is unavoidable, but the risks can be reduced by ensuring a player perform a complete warm-up before the game starts.   
Prevalence of Ankle Sprain Injury  
Ankle injuries are the common damage in the sport of tennis. Recent studies have shown that ankle sprain injury has a higher frequency of 63% occurrence in both the armatures and pros. An ankle sprain as a musculoskeletal injury has a higher prevalence rate.
Causes of Ankle Sprain Injuries
Ankle sprain injury is also known as twisted ankle the condition occurs when one obstinately twists his or her ankle. Usually, when the ankle is twisted the ligaments stretch hence causing a server pain around the ankle. An ankle sprain can happen to anyone regardless of age or gender. Tennis game involves running, and in the process, a player might land on the outside of the foot, with the foot turns inward. Therefore, the lateral ankle ligament is damage.
Type of the Injury
Ankle sprain injury is a type of musculoskeletal injury that occurs when the ankle gets twisted as a result of landing awkwardly. The lateral ankle ligament is the component that gets damaged when a player turns his or her ankle. Recent studies have shown that ankle sprain injury is a common damage in both the pros and amateurs of tennis sports.
Anatomical Structures Affected in Ankle Sprain Injury
An ankle sprain is a type of an overturn-twist that is followed by inflammation and pain. The lateral ankle ligament is the common part where the damage occurs. The lateral ankle is made up of calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular, and anterior talofibular ligaments (Dines et al., 2016). The primary function of the ligaments is to alleviate the joint, and it keeps the bones in their positions.
Signs and Symptoms of Ankle Spain Injury
The common sign and symptoms of an ankle sprain are inflammation and pain around the ankle; this is because the lateral ankle ligaments have stretch causing the bone to dislocate. Also, the injury is linked with discoloring of the skin. Lastly, the damage is associated with stiffness and tenderness of the ankle. It is advisable to consult with your doctor the moment you feel pain in the ankle to avoid complications.
Preventive Methods that have been Adopted to Prevent the Occurrence of Ankle Sprain Injury
The most effective method that has been adopted in preventing ankle sprain injury is to ensure that player perform a complete warm-up before the game starts and ensuring regular training so that the body can get used to the game (Dines et al., 2016). For instance, ankle roll is the best exercise to do before the game starts as it helps to make the ankle flexible. Also, appropriate foot-ware is an effective way to prevent the occurrence of ankle sprain as it helps the player to move fluidly during the game.
Conclusion
Tennis is a global game played at all ages and all level of society. The primary objective of the game is to maneuver the tennis ball in such a way that the challenger is unable to play a valid return. Due, to the tedious nature of tennis, both the pros and amateur players are at risk of tennis elbow, rotator cuff, and ankle sprain injuries. However, the risks can be reduced in some ways. For example, through regular training and performing a complete warm-up before the start of any game. Tennis injuries are common causes of disability, and it can have a considerable social, economic constraint, both on a societal and personal level. Therefore, it is critical to developing effective procedures for the prevention of tennis injurie
Applied Injury Management
Injury management is significant in any sports because any game has some risk of injury. Injury prevention, identification and treatment, and rehabilitation are the three primary gears to effective injury management. Prevention has been proven to be the best method of circumventing unnecessary injury and pain that keeps a player of the court. On the other hand, injury rehabilitation is critical because without proper rehabilitation original injury might worsen (Buning, & Gibson, 2015). Tennis injuries are frequently tissue injuries to tendons, ligaments, joints or muscles. The paper will use the tennis elbow injury to explore the role of a coach when the damage occurs and a step by step procedure on how to prevent the occurrence of the injury.
Coach Role  
Coaching is a vast responsibility as it ensures both the success and physical wellbeing of a player. As a coach, my role is to be involved in all portion of my player health care, for instance, recognition and first aid care, rehabilitation, assessment and treatment of the injury. In the case of an elbow injury, my role will be to provide first aid care to relieve the pain by applying ice. Applying ice is useful as it reduces the inflammation and swelling. Also, my role as a coach will be to provide tennis elbow splint to reduce pressure around the elbow thus relieving the pain (Buning, & Gibson, 2015). Moreover, as a coach I will assess the injury to ensure that the player is safe to proceed with the game this will help to avoid further complications.
Response and Assessment
Tennis elbow injury is common among tennis players. Typically, tennis elbow injury is a painful injury caused by overuse of the elbow tendons which results in inflammation and tiny tears of the tendons and eventual; the results are tennis elbow pain. As a coach, the response will be first because of its pain. The first step of the assessment will be to ask the player to flatten their elbow and to bend their wrist upwards. Then the next step is to place the other hand at the back of their inverted hand and use minimal force to push as they resist. The push is all that is needed to reproduce the pain. When there is a weakness, it indicates that tennis elbow is present.  
Injury Management
Injury management has three critical components prevention, identification and treatment, and rehabilitation of the injury. For the case of tennis elbow injury, prevention is crucial as it assures minimal occurrence of the injury. Warming-up is one of the effective methods that ensure the minimal occurrence of the condition (Dines et al., 2016). Also, treatment is a critical module of injury management and is supposed to be done by a qualified physician. Lastly, rehabilitation plays a crucial role as it ensures full recovery of the injury. Appropriate exercises should be done to strengthen the muscles around the elbow.
Preventive Method
Systematic Exercise is one of the effective methods of preventing tennis elbow injury as it strengthens the forearm muscles which can help reduce the chances of getting tennis elbow. Wrist flexing exercise is one of the appropriate practices that minimize the occurrence of tennis elbow. Equipment needed for this exercise are two ponds dumbbell and a chair. The first step is to sit on a chair holding the dumbbell with your elbow resting on your knee and your palm facing up. The second step is to twist your wrist up and down ten times. The exercise aims to strengthen your muscles around the wrist.
Support Staff Role
Support staff in tennis play a critical role in the wellbeing of a player (Buning, & Gibson, 2015). Also, support staff helps the coach to ensure that players are equipped with appropriate techniques for handling the racquets to prevent unnecessary injuries. Also, support staff assists in the treatment of injuries. For example, applying of ice around the elbow to reduce the pain and inflammation.                 
References
Anderson, M. K., & Parr, G. P. (2013). Foundations of sports: Prevention, assessment, and management. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Armstrong, A. D., & Hubbard, M. C. (Eds.). (2016). Essentials of Musculoskeletal care. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
Buning, R. J., & Gibson, H. (2015). The evolution of active-sport-event travel careers. Journal of Sport Management, 29(5), 555-569.
Cools, A. M., Johansson, F. R., Borms, D., & Maenhout, A. (2015). Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach. Brazilian journal of physical therapy, (AHEAD), 00-00.
Dines, J. S., Bedi, A., Williams, P. N., Dodson, C. C., Ellenbecker, T. S., Altchek, D. W., … & Dines, D. M. (2015). Tennis injuries: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 23(3), 181-189.
Doherty, C., Delahunt, E., Caulfield, B., Hertel, J., Ryan, J., & Bleakley, C. (2015). The incidence and prevalence of ankle sprain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. Sports medicine, 44(1), 123-140.
Furness, J., Hing, W., Walsh, J., Abbott, A., Sheppard, J. M., & Climstein, M. (2015). Acute injuries in recreational and competitive surfers: incidence, severity, location, type, and mechanism. The American journal of sports medicine, 43(5), 1246-1254.
Houlihan, B., & Malcolm, D. (Eds.). (2015). Sport and society: a student introduction. Sage.
Lewis, J., McCreesh, K., Roy, J. S., & Ginn, K. (2015). Rotator cuff tendinopathy: navigating the diagnosis-management conundrum. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 45(11), 923-937.
Ribbans, W. J., Ribbans, H. A., Cruickshank, J. A., & Wood, E. V. (2015). The management of posterior ankle impingement syndrome in sport: a review. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 21(1), 1-10.
Young, S. W., Dakic, J., Stroia, K., Nguyen, M. L., Harris, A. H., & Safran, M. R. (2015). High incidence of infraspinatus muscle atrophy in elite professional female tennis players. The American journal of sports medicine, 43(8), 1989-1993.

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