LIBS1990 Planning Your Diploma Electives

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LIBS1990 Planning Your Diploma Electives

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LIBS1990 Planning Your Diploma Electives

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Course Code: LIBS1990
University: Conestoga College

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Country: Canada

Question:

You can choose any type of disasters occurred after 2007 (for example, you may have a volcano, an earthquake and a tornado, or three hurricanes, or a tornado and two volcanic eruptions, etc.) You can describe disasters one after another using the outline below.
Information should be included:
1.Introduction (describe the case/ the problem; information about the type of natural disaster, i. e. earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.)
2.Dates of the disaster (beginning and ending; or approximation if there no information about the correct date).
3.Geographical location of the disaster (some countries are huge, for example Russia, Canada, China, so please include more detailed information –  for example: East Asia, southern part of China, Hainan province). Also, if it would be possible, include information about affected area in general (communities – cities/towns, ecosystems, etc.)
4.A short statement as to the cause(s) of the disaster with description of geological environment (plate boundary, fault zone, mid-oceanic ridge, etc.) or climatic characteristic (type of climate, etc.)
5.The total number of human casualties (injuries and deaths, if this information can be found)
6.The total economic loss due to property damage if available.  If a monetary figure is not available, provide information on such things as the number of structures destroyed, the number of people affected, the number of acres destroyed, etc.

Answer:

Current/Recent Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are rapid and extreme events brought about by environmental aspects. Some of these disasters include floods, tornadoes, windstorms, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis that mostly hit without a warning on any location on the earth. As examples, I have discussed disasters that have happened since 2007. I have chosen to discuss earthquakes and tsunamis since they have the most devastating effects on the lifestyles of citizens and their properties.
Gorkha Earthquake
An intense earthquake hit central Nepal at exactly 11.56 a.m.  It was on 25th April 2015 when a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Gorkha region 80 kilometers from Kathmandu (Avouac, 2003). It happened between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate at the interface of subduction and in the Himalayan arc. This shaking was felt 80 km northwest of Kathmandu and the neighboring towns. According to Bilham (2004), this was the worst damage experienced since 1934 Bihar earthquake when an 8.1 earthquake was experienced.
Since Nepal is located between the Eurasian plate (overriding) and Indian plate (subducting), tectonic convergence is felt on this thrust arc. According to Avouac (2003), about 20 mm convergence is experienced annually.  More than 8, 510 deaths were reported and a further 250 people missing a month later. Bhaktapur temple and dharahara tower were among the thousands of structures destroyed by the disaster. Ten of thousands of people were rendered homeless and the rescue mission proved futile because of rugged terrain in this state. Avalanches were also experienced on Mt. Everest causing an additional death of 17 people. 10 billion dollars was the economic damage reported.
Kmz file containing the aftermath of the disaster was made available to the public through google earth to help in educational and research purposes. To mitigate the effects of another disaster of the same magnitude, regional seismicity and seismo-tectonic tools were instituted by the Nepalese government to model and analyze a disaster of such a magnitude (Bhattarai et al., 2015). It was advised that buildings be constructed with Rc frames to withstand the disaster and prevent damage to property and life.
To mitigate the damage from such a disaster, retrofitting, building repairs, building inspection, evacuation procedure, and forecasting should be adopted. The rugged terrain in Nepal triggered landslides disconnecting access roads. It is advisable that an improvement in local transportation redundancy be improved to access rural villages with ease.
2011 Japan Tsunami
A tsunami is a Japanese borrowed word meaning a harbor wave and refers to waves resulting from underwater disturbance by volcanic eruption or earthquakes. On 11th March 2011, a 9.0M earthquake occurred in Japan. This triggered a tsunami with a depth of 133 ft. on the northern part of Japan (Satake, Fujii, Harada, and Namegaya, 2013). The waves developed by the shaking deluged rural areas and cities sweeping buildings, homes, automobiles leaving a trail of deaths along the way. The disaster was largest ever experienced in the history of the country. It hit northeast Tokyo 230 miles away and Tohoku region was the most affected.
There was little damage reported from the earthquake but the tsunami caused most of the destruction. This tsunami killed 15, 839 people leaving 5,950 injured and another 3,642 people missing (Suppasri et al., 2016). More than 200,000 people were displaced by this disaster. The tsunami caused 121,776 buildings to collapse and 1million others partially destroyed. Railways and roads were also destroyed. It also caused nuclear disaster and fire outbreak in Fukushima nuclear plant. According to the report by the World Bank, the economic loss was 235 billion dollars making this disaster the costliest in history.
The tsunami surprised the seismologists since their earliest forecast was not put in place for a disaster of this magnitude. The mechanisms they had put in place could only measure a magnitude of 8.0. The scientists collected enough data and used it to generate models that are able to give warnings very quickly (Brown & Eryn, 2011). They have also modeled the national propagation mechanism through supply networks having studied the economic impacts of the tsunami in Tohoku.
Having studied the tsunami, it is possible to deduce that there was a low evacuation ratio as well as a few disaster preparedness mechanisms. This was because the mechanisms were based on small tsunamis experienced in the past in this area. As a result, loss of electricity from the damage of transmission lines prevented the signal from reaching more people thus more deaths resulted from this (Aldrich & Sawada, 2015).
Hurricane Harvey
This was a tropical cyclone that affected Houston metropolitan region. It occurred on 17th August and ended on 2nd September 2017. The cause of this disaster was believed to be the changing patterns in the climatic conditions brought about by global warming. The aftermath of this disaster was massive destruction to property owing to flooding. The region largely affected was the Texas medical center home to many fellowship programs and medical services. Patients were mostly affected since flooding prevented transportation of medical care, food supply and treatment for their conditions. During this disaster, many suffered traumatic stresses since their residents had been destroyed by the floods (Yeo et al., 2018).
500k vehicles and 300k structures were destroyed in Texas by this cyclone. 107 people lost their lives and about 32,000 people were displaced by this disaster. In Texas alone, 48,700 homes were destroyed by this hurricane (Kevin Sullivan, Arelis Hernandez and David Fahrenthold, 2017). 125 billion dollars was the economic loss reported from the impact of Harvey. This estimate establishes Harvey as the costliest cyclone of the year.
Having realized the effect of the hurricane, the researchers detailed a mitigation report which proposed measures to control the effects of the disaster. Through the building of reservoirs, oversights, regulations and home buyouts were some of the measures they proposed. One of the proposals was to build a reservoir upstream of Barker and Addicks reservoirs on the northwest of Harris County (Yeo et al., 2018). This would hold surplus water from the floods as well as reduce the speed of the running water.
Conclusion
From my own perspectives, I believe that adequate funding and jurisdictions could help in the mapping of the Harvey flood. Again, in the case of buyouts, proper planning needs to be put in place since affordable housing would be made limited. Places in close proximity to jobs could be planned for proper housing rather than low lying areas.
References
Aldrich, D. P., and Sawada, Y. (2015). The physical and social determinants of mortality in the 3.11 tsunami. Soc. Sci. Med. 124, 66–75. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.025
Avouac, J. P. (2003). Mountain building, erosion and the seismic cycle in the Nepal Himalaya. Adv. Geophys. 46, 1–80. doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9
Bhattarai, M., Adhikari, L. B., Gautam, U. P., Laurendeau, A., Labonne, C., Hoste-Colomer, R., … & Hernandez, B. (2015). Overview of the large 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake from accelerometric perspectives. Seismological Research Letters, 86(6), 1540-1548.
Bilham, R. (2004). Earthquakes in India and the Himalaya: tectonics, geodesy and history. Ann. Geophys. 47, 839–858. doi:10.4401/ag-3338
Brown, E. (2011). 9.0 Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis. Los Angeles Times, 13.
Kevin Sullivan, Arelis R. Hernandez and David A. Fahrenthold (August 29, 2017). “Harvey leaving record rainfall, at least 22 deaths behind in Houston”. Chicago Tribune. Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Satake, K., Fujii, Y., Harada, T., and Namegaya, Y. (2013). Time and space distribution of coseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake as inferred from tsunami waveform data. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 103, 1473–1492. doi:10.1785/0120120122
Suppasri, Anawat, Hasegawa, Natsuki, Imamura, Fumihiko, & Simon. (2016, December 06). An Analysis of Fatality Ratios and the Factors That Affected Human Fatalities in the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2016.00032/full
Yeo CJJ, Román GC, Kusnerik D, Burt T, Mersinger D, Thomas S, Boone T and Powell SZ (2018) Trainee Responses to Hurricane Harvey: Correlating Volunteerism With Burnout. Front. Public Health 6:224. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00224

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