LEI2002 Tourism Management And Development

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LEI2002 Tourism Management And Development

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LEI2002 Tourism Management And Development

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Course Code: LEI2002
University: University Of Northampton

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Country: United Kingdom

Question:

Having recently graduated, and after a round of interviews, you have managed to get on to a ‘Tourism Management Graduate Scheme’ at a leading U.K. Tour Operator: GSM Leisure Travel Ltd.
As part of the ‘Graduate Management Programme’, and for the company to investigate potential, future tourist destinations, you have been asked by your ‘mentor’ to write a report identifying and investigating the elements of: tourism, tourists and tourist destinations.
In this respect, you must produce a report, that must incorporate the following:

A summary of the key historical and current developments in tourism, identifying the different types of tourism (Mass and Special Interest tourism) and explaining their characteristics, providing examples where appropriate.

A discussion of the reasons why tourists visit a particular destination, with reference to relevant and extensive literature, particularly in relation to: tourism demand, tourist behaviour and tourist motivations Areas to be covered in this task, include:

Demand for tourism
Push Pull factors
Tourist Motivations and Typologies
Factors influencing tourist motivation    

An examination of the elements that should be considered when developing a new destination, extensively investigating the 6A’s of a tourist destination

Identification and an outline of the key organisations involved in the ‘Tourism Supply Chain’ in the private, public and voluntary sector of the U.K. travel and tourism industry

Answer:

Introduction: 
The “travel and tourism” is one of the largest earners of foreign exchange among the industries in the world. This provides the employment to millions of people throughout the world directly and through various associated servicing industries indirectly (Schegg and Stangl 2017).
As a member of the “Graduate Management Program” and to investigate on the behalf of “GSM Leisure Travel Ltd”, over the potential and future destinations of tourists, a report is required to be generated.
The following report investigates over the various elements of tourism. This is includes the “tourism” sector along with the tourists and “tourist destinations”.
1. The summary of tourism development with its different types:
The key historical and current developments in tourism:
During the ancient times, till the end of 16th century, human beings were stationary living in the agricultural communities. They seldom moved from the local area to the rural communities. Before 1950s, the tourism was regarded as an industry where the travel agents, tour operators, transport operators and hotels all worked separately (Ons.gov.uk, 2017). Until 1946, the era between the world wars, most of the international travels were meant for the elite, wealthy and elite groups of the society. The first package tour was introduced by Thomas Cook in 1841 in the form of railways (Becker 2016). The first passenger railway travelling between the Liverpool and Manchester was opened in the year 1830. The development of main growth occurred in 1945, noting the changes that occurred in this sector (VisitBritain, 2017). Onwards from the middle of 50s the character of tourism transformed from individual business to more of integrated activities. This happened mainly in U.K.
 Several factors like the rise of availability of free time, paid holidays, improvement of the package tours and the rise in air transport offered as broader holiday taking possible market (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier 2015). By 1980s, various airlines have been offering complete travel services. The tourism industry mainly in U.K. got affected by the developing of big companies by 1990. The air travel developed very rapidly. Here the nonscheduled traffic or charter services arose considerably. The attractions that have been originating in the current days have been tied in a latest model for tourism’s evolution. They are the three E’s including entertainment, excitement and education (Benckendorff 2015). This has supplanted the traditional S’s, the sun, sea and sand.
The different types of tourism identified:
They are the Mass tourism and the Special interest tourism.

The mass tourism:

This is a kind of tourism involving thousands of people moving to the same resort most often as the similar time in a year. This is one of the most popular formats of tourism and the cost effective way for holiday (Ghimire 2013). This is sold as the package deal. In this deal the needs of the tourists have been catered for by any company. Jobs get generated in various sectors like constructing resorts, food provisioning and other industries related to service. The roads, electricity services, facilities, rails have been improved for accommodating the tourists. Thus the local people also get helped for this kind of tourism (Medlik 2016). Examples of mass tourism are, sunbathing on beach, visiting theme park like Euro Disney near Paris, taking cruise and skiing on mountains.

The special interest tourism:

It has been provision of the activities of customized tourism. This has been catering to the particular interests of individuals and groups (Nemethy 2016). Here the tourism has been undertaken satisfying particular need or interest. The tourism comprises of experiences including rewarding, enriching, adventuresome experiences and learning experiences. The tourism attractions are mainly divided in two primary groups. The first one is the natural including the natural events and sites. The second one is the cultural one comprising of the cultural events and sites (Sirgy et al. 2014).
The reason of visiting specific destinations by the tourists: 
Demand for tourism:
The “tourism demand” is an umbrella term covering the demand’ spatial characteristics, several demands types, factors governing the demand level and motives to make those demands. The demand could be defined as the schedule of quantity of any service and product that the people have been able and willing to buy in particular price (Xu and Fox 2014). This has been in the set of the possible process for some particular time period. The individuals known as the tourists have responsible for the generation of tourism demands. This occurs at the definite place known as the “tourism destination”.

The elements of tourism demand

Actual/effective/aggregate demand

Suppressed demand

No demand

Other demand aspects

This has been referring to the aggregate of tourist numbers recorded in any particular location or in a specific point in time.

It includes potential demand which would be turn into the actual demand as any situation demands. The other type of it is the deferred demand where the reasons of suppression have to problems on the side of supply.

Lack of money, unwillingness and others might lead to not participating in tourism.

Substitution of demand take place as the demand gets replaced by any other form of activity. The change in geographical holiday location also results in redirection of demands.

Table 1: “The elements of tourism demand”
(Source: prezi.com, 2017)
Push Pull factors: 
Though the universally agreed-upon conceptualization of tourist motivation construction has been lacking still, the Push-Pull model has been accepted by various researchers. The Push factors have been defined as the forces or motives causing the tourists to find the activities for reducing their necessities. The pull factors on the other hand are the forces generated from destination selection (Dredge et al. 2015). This also occludes the knowledge hold by the tourists regarding destination. Most of the push factors have been the intrinsic motivators like to desire to escape relax and rest, health and fitness, prestige, social interaction and adventure. The pull factor originates because of the attractiveness of the destinations lie recreation facilities, cultural attractions and beaches. Traditionally, the push factors have been considered vital to initiate the travel desire. The pull factors have been considered to be more decisive while explaining the choice of destination (Caber and Albayrak 2016).
Tourist Motivations and Typologies: 
The tourist motivation comprises of two factors. The push factors have been describing the perquisites to explore, relax and interact socially in vacation decision. The pull factor on the other hand has been the attraction due to the people’s destination. The factors also include the historic attractions, sites and sightseeing. The push factor has been forming the desire to travel, while the pull factors have been explicating the destination choice. The push factors have been further suggesting the avoiding of the pressure and work caused socially and culturally at home. The pull factors on the other hand have been proposing simply to seek playing, leisure, escaping, freedom and adventure (Buhalis and Foerste 2015).
Cohen, the popular sociologist in his earlier studies has drawn attention towards the factors found in every tourist. This included the element of strangeness and novelty along with the necessity to retain anything familiar. He recognized four kinds of tourists (Cohen et al. 2014).

Tourist Typologies

The organizational mass tourist

The individual mass tourist

The explorer

The drifter

They buy the tourist packages or the tours of all inclusive for visiting the classical mass destinations to tour. Here everything has been predetermined from before.

This one has been flexible on the decisions and desiring to participate more and more in this process.
 

They are more adventurous. They seek their individual experiences in participating actively in the choice of decision.

They seek intensive experiences and like to indulge with the local communities.
 
 

Table 2: “The Tourist Typologies”
(Source: A Theoretical Intr?oduction to Tourism, 2017)
With the above categorizations of the tourists, the sociologist Cohen was able to establish an interesting relationship between the perquisites to live a unique experience and the view-point of security.
Factors influencing tourist motivation:
The tourist motivation has been originating from the domain of psychology. It is the factor to form satisfaction. The motivational factors have been classified into the internal and external factors. The internal factors have been rising, directing and integrating into the behavior and influencing the travelling decision. This includes the tourist’s attitude, perception, beliefs or values and personality. The external motivations have been influencing and pulling towards a specific motivation along with subsequent decision (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016). This includes the place of origin, extrinsic motivation, age and family, social and cultural class and the market.
Examination of elements to develop new destinations with the 6A factors:
Principal elements while planning the destinations for tourism:
The principal elements while planning the destinations for tourism are the described below:

 
 
The elements

Market analysis

This has been requiring the detailed study of the trends in past and present, the traveler profiles, performances and the habits.

Analyzing the available resources

Visitor attractions

Here the attracting of the visitor has been the only focus. The planning of destination should look at the current attractions along with every possibility to build the one like theme parks, marinas and so on (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016).

Culture

Here the inclusion of the cultural heritage takes place like the rituals, dance, foods, native custom, ceremonies and traditions

Superstructure and infrastructure

The superstructures are the services and facilities above the ground like museums, airport building, shopping centers, restaurants, resorts and hotels. The infrastructure denotes to every surface and underground constructions like the roads and highways, drainage and sewage system, electric lines and water supplies.

Transportation

This has been requiring the highways, rail, water and air. This information has been guiding the government to plan for the possible expansion or the routes, analyzing the pattern or traffic between the terminals as the destinations. This also includes the measuring of the influence of congestion in the popular tourist attractions, parks, beaches and historical sites.

Support Services

This include the services like maintenance and repairing facilities, fire protection, sport facilities, festivals, pharmacies, police protection, bookstores, art galleries, book stores and many more (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016).

Visitors accommodations

In these destinations the visitors are less as travelers and more guests. Here the tourists are found to spend maximum of their money and time. Careful assessment of this has been helping the government officials to make decisions like property acquisition, public property release, rezone, private capital investment invitations.

Marketing

Here the target is selected along with strategies in reaching the market, establishing objectives, coordinating efforts involved in promoting destinations. This also includes the evaluation of failure and success.

Financial and economic

This has been involving the careful assessment of the financial requirements and economic conditions. This includes the interest rates, available capital, cash flow and feasibility studies (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016).

Environment

The objective of the planning to tour has been to develop natural resources of the zone without any damage to environment and enhancing the natural beauty subsequently.

   Social
   Impact

The developers have been considering the influence of growth of tourism over the local population (Neuhofer, Buhali and Ladkin 2014). Much contact between the visitors and resident population could lead in internal trouble. For this reason the resort areas are developed much away from the center of population.

6A’s of a tourist destination: 
As per as the opinion of specialists, based on particular parameters, recognition of destination competitiveness at local, national and the international scales, a 6A model is formed (Schegg and Stangl 2017). The model has been based on six different categories:

Access:to arrive in a specific destination without any barriers regarding transportation modes. This has been also referring to the convenience and simplicity as offered by those transportation modes.
Attractions:This indicates the availability of the areas of interests.
Amenities:This has been ensuring the primary travel amenities supply and the related services like shopping centers, restaurants and others. This also includes the packaging of those mutually competing products under one unit.
Accommodations:This indicates the availability of the lodging.
Ancillary services:This denotes the organizing of the excursions and tours with regular operations of the enterprises of local state (Prebensen, Chen and Uysal 2014).
Assemblage:Here the establishment of strategic partnerships is done between every stakeholder who has been involved in the generation of the products. The products include the destination management organizations, organizations creating platform for the tour operators and the enterprises involved in the tourism supplies.

Identification and outline of the primary ‘Tourism Supply Chain’ organizations in various sectors of the U.K.:
Since the year 2010, the tourism has turned to be the quickest growing sector for U.K. in terms of employment. It is estimated that the tourism industry at the nation would worth over 250 billion dollars within 2025. This would be under ten percent GDP of the nation with supporting about 3.8 millions of employment (VisitBritain, 2017). This is about ten percent of to the total population of U.K. The impact of tourism has been amplified by the economy. Hence its influence has been very much larger than the levels of direct spending.

The private sector organizations:

Most of the tourism and travel business have been belonging to this sector. The primary goal of the organizations of this sector has been to create profit. Being one the largest employer in the world, the ten percent of the employment of UK has been in the sector of tourism. Few examples of the organizations of private sector are the London Eye, Virgin Trains, Alton Towers, British Airways and Holiday inn (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier 2015).

The public sector organizations:

They have been funded by the local and national government. The goal of this sector has been educating, informing and providing service to the customers. Some of the examples of this type of organizations are Regional development organizations, Visitor information Centers, Museums and National gallery.

The voluntary sector organizations:

They are mostly the trusts and charities. They have been funded primarily by the members, fundraising, donations and entrance fees to the attractions. The objectives lying here have been to promote, protect and preserve the causes. They have been generally staffed by the mixture of the volunteers, workers and paid managers. Some examples of this include the Sealed knot, Friends of Williamson’s, Tourism concern and The National trust (Travel and Tourism industry, 2017)
Conclusion: 
It could be concluded by saying that tourism has come to its present position after a long year of evolution since the medieval ages. The report has identified various types of tourism displaying the Tourist attraction market determinants model. This involved the Mass and Special Interest tourism. The report has discussed the reasons why the visitors have been touring in specific destinations relating to the tourism demand, the tourist behaviors and the tourist motivations. Various tourist typologies are identified with analyzing the push pull factors. The 6A’s of tourist destination are investigated that helps in effective tourism. Finally there have been various tourism sectors in U.K. that are identified and outlined with examples.
References:
A Theoretical Intr?oduction to Tourism. (2017). Tourist Motivations. [online] Available at: https://tourismdomain.weebly.com/tourist-motivations.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Baker, D.M.A., 2014. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1), p.9.
Becker, E., 2016. Overbooked: the exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and Schuster.
Benckendorff, P., 2015. Attraction, tourism.
Buhalis, D. and Foerste, M., 2015. SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value. Journal of destination marketing & management, 4(3), pp.151-161.
Buhalis, S. (2017). Six A’s Framework – Buhalis. [online] Recreationsporttourism.blogspot.in. Available at: https://recreationsporttourism.blogspot.in/2010/04/six-as-framework-buhalis.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Caber, M. and Albayrak, T., 2016. Push or pull? Identifying rock climbing tourists’ motivations. Tourism Management, 55, pp.74-84.
Cohen, S.A., Higham, J.E., Stefan, G. and Peeters, P. eds., 2014. Understanding and governing sustainable tourism mobility: Psychological and behavioural approaches (Vol. 43).
Dredge, D., Schott, C., Daniele, R., Caton, K., Edelheim, J. and Munar, A.M., 2015. The tourism education futures initiative. Anatolia, 26(2), pp.340-346.
Driptoonsustainabletourism.wordpress.com. (2017). Factors of tourism demand | Tourism – Need for Sustainable Approaches. [online] Available at: https://driptoonsustainabletourism.wordpress.com/category/factors-of-tourism-demand/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Emeraldinsight.com. (2017). Economic determinants of tourist demand: A survey | The Tourist Review | Vol 33, No 1. [online] Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/eb057755 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Emeraldinsight.com. (2017). Examining the Relationship between Push and Pull Factors through Partial Least-Squares Path Modeling | Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. [online] Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S1745-3542%282011%290000007012 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Ghimire, K.B., 2013. The native tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries. Routledge.
Horner, S. and Swarbrooke, J., 2016. Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge.
Medlik, S. ed., 2016. Managing tourism. Elsevier.
Nemethy, S., Lagerqvist, B., Walas, B., Dinya, L. and Bujdosó, Z., 2016. Oenotourism and conservation: a holistic approach to special interest tourism from a cultural heritage perspective-the Azienda Agricola Model. Ecocycles, 2(1), pp.9-17.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D. and Ladkin, A., 2014. A typology of technology?enhanced tourism experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), pp.340-350.
Ons.gov.uk. (2017). Leisure and tourism- Office for National Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/leisureandtourism [Accessed 17 Jul. 2017].
Peng, B., Song, H. and Crouch, G.I., 2014. A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice. Tourism Management, 45, pp.181-193.
Prebensen, N.K., Chen, J.S. and Uysal, M. eds., 2014. Creating experience value in tourism. Cabi.
prezi.com. (2017). The element of tourism demand. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/syghbgpw7wcn/the-element-of-tourism-demand/ [Accessed 17 Jul. 2017].
Schegg, R. and Stangl, B., 2017. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017.
Sirgy, M.J., Prebensen, N.K., Chen, J.S. and Uysal, M., 2014. Revisiting self-congruity theory in travel and tourism. Creating Experience Value in Tourism, 63.
Tourismtheories.org. (2017). Tourist motivatons, Tourist needs. | Turismo en Teoría. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismtheories.org/?p=341 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Travel and Tourism industry. (2017). Public, Private and Voluntary sector. [online] Available at: https://stravelandtourism.weebly.com/public-private-and-voluntary-sector.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
VisitBritain. (2017). The value of tourism in England. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbritain.org/value-tourism-england [Accessed 17 Jul. 2017].
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. and Fesenmaier, D.R., 2015. Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, pp.244-249.
Xu, F. and Fox, D., 2014. Modelling attitudes to nature, tourism and sustainable development in national parks: A survey of visitors in China and the UK. Tourism Management, 45, pp.142-158.

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