LAWS8316 Nuclear Security Law

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LAWS8316 Nuclear Security Law

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LAWS8316 Nuclear Security Law

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Course Code: LAWS8316
University: Australian National University

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Country: Australia

Question: 
1. What are the fundamental features of ISMS? What are the benefits of implanting an ISMS process?
2. Write a brief description of conduct of operations. Include:• What are conduct of operations?• What are the guiding principles to an effective conduct of operations program?• What are the governing federal regulations for DOE and NRC?• What is the conduct of operations document used by the IAEA?• Compare the different Conduct of Operations drivers for DOE, NRC, and IAEA• Give an example where Conduct of Operations is vital to the safety and protection of the public surrounding a nuclear facility• Give an example of another industry, besides nuclear, where conduct of operations is used extensively.
3 . What does lockout/tagout refer to? Why is it important in a nuclear facility? What are the elements of an effective lockout/tagout program?4 . What is the difference between an operator aid and a procedure? Can an operator aid be used in place of an approved procedure?
 
5 . What are the elements of an effective work control process? Why are work authorizations and work orders/work packages important in Conduct of Operations?
 
6. After reading the 3NRC Safety Culture Oversight Paper Presented at IAEA Conference posted, write a brief summary of the 9 traits of a positive safety culture.
Answer:

1. Fundamental features of ISMS

A safety plan.
Clear guidelines in terms of policies, procedures and processes that should be followed (Saha, 2016).
Proper training and induction of personnel.
A clear guide on monitoring.
Supervision should always be emphasized.
A clear reporting protocol.

Benefits of implanting an ISMS process

An ISMS improves efficiency and effectiveness in the organization in question since it saves the costs that are incurred in case of damages.
ISMS aligns the operations of an organization to the same direction thereby improving the performance of the organization.
ISMS enables the management to control an organization easily since the activities in an organization are directed by the same guideline.
It protects all the stakeholders within the facility as well as the environment from all possible kinds of harm.

2. Conduct of operations refers to the operational and management tasks in a deliberate and structured manner. It is a set of regulations that outline the roles of each of the employees and the steps that should be followed in performing the functions. It also forbids individuals from engaging in some activities. It emphasizes on discipline in organizations and it specifies ethical issues that workers should adhere to (Nuclear Law Handbook, 2018).
Guiding principles of an effective conduct of operations 
Organizational roles, responsibilities, authority, and accountability.
An effective, clear, and concise communication protocol, for verbal, and written communication including work instructions, postings, procedures and logbook entries
Adequate material and personnel resources to accomplish operations
Monitoring and self-assessment operations
Monitoring and self-assessment of operations
Management and worker accountability for the safe performance of work
Management training, qualification, succession, and when appropriate, certification
Methods of analysis of hazards and implementation of hazards control in work planning and execution process
Methods for approving, posting, maintaining, and controlling access to electronic operations documents if electronics are used.
Governing federal regulations for DOE and NRC
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
Atomic Energy Act of 1954
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments of 1985
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978
Nuclear Non- Proliferation Act of 1978
National Environmental Policy Act
Conduct of operations document used by the IAEA
Safety Guide- NS-G-2.14 “Conduct of Operations at Nuclear Power Plants”
Compare the different conduct of operations drivers for DOE, NTC, and IAEA
The NRC, DOE and IAEA place a great emphasis on safety both on the mechanical systems and processes as well as the workers, the public, and the environment (Saha, 2016).
Example where Conduct of Operations is vital to the safety and protection of the public surrounding a nuclear facility
Disposing of nuclear waste is a sensitive issue that requires strict observing of the laid regulations to avoid the disasters that would be caused by its mismanagement. A conduct of operations, therefore, acts as a protective mechanism that ensures that utmost care is taken in protecting the workers, the people of that particular region and the environment. Daily operations are also sensitive in nuclear plants since radiation is constant and workers have to take due care of themselves, the plant and the environment (Nuclear Law Handbook, 2018).
Another industry where a Conduct of Operations is used
Conduct of operations is also widely used in the military where the emphasis is made on the need for a chain of commands and strict regulations.  Clear operational equipment and aids are also used widely in the military.
3.
Lockout/tag out refers to the procedures aimed at safeguarding employees from unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment or the release of harmful materials. These procedures safeguard workers at nuclear plants from possible harmful radiations (Safety Culture, 2018).
Lockout/ tag out procedures are important in nuclear facilities in the following ways. They prevent the equipment from energizing and affecting the people nearby as well as the environment. The general human population is protected from the harm that would occur if nuclear energy was handled carelessly.
Effective lockout/tag out procedures have the following elements:

Servicing and maintenance activities versus lockout/tag out
Identifying all the energy sources
Correct identification of energy-isolating devices
Protection of all employees
Correct selection and use of locks
Verification of isolation
Training all employees
Periodic annual inspection program

4.
An operator aid refers to the equipment that a person requires to perform certain functions while a procedure refers to the steps that one has to follow in a given situation in order to achieve certain results. Aids include the gear worn by the workers and the equipment that they use while at work. (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Safety Culture Oversight, 2018). Aids help the workers to perform their roles more efficiently. Procedures on the other hand are intangible guidelines that guide the workers on how to carry out the functions that they are entrusted with. Aids can be used in procedures but not as a procedure. Procedures and aids only complement each other and they cannot be used interchangeably since aids are tangible while procedures are not.
5: Elements of a good work control process 
Compliance with established operational limits and conditions;
 Authorizations for work orders;
 The equipment isolation process, including work permits and tagging;
 Permits for radiation work;
 Precautions for industrial safety;
 Draining, refilling and venting of process systems;
Drainage facilities and ventilation of workplaces;
 Control of fire hazards;
 Electrical and mechanical isolation of equipment;
 Control of plant modifications.
Importance of work authorization in the conduct of operations

It ensures efficient management of plant, machinery, and information.
It ensures the safety of workers since the authorized personnel has the necessary skills required.
It supplements the organization’s maintenance of plant and machinery.
It helps an organization in upholding data integrity in organizations.

6.

The safety values and action is the first trait that requires the leader to demonstrate a commitment to their behavior and actions.
Problem identification and resolution- it emphasizes the identification of problems in good time and solving them in good time.
Personal accountability- requires individuals to take responsibility for their safety personally.
Work process- requires proper planning and controlling of work activities.
Continuous learning- organizations should constantly learn about the changes in the prevailing conditions.
Environmental for raising concerns- the personnel feel free to express their opinions and concerns.
Effective safety communication- communications maintain a focus on safety.
Respectful work environment- trust and respect are emphasized in the organization.
Questioning attitude- personnel always seek to amend questionable operational procedures.

References:
Brunnengräber, A., Di Nucci, M. R., Losada, A. M. I., Mez, L., & Schreurs, M. A. (Eds.). (2015). Nuclear waste governance: An international comparison. Springer.
CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. (2018). [ebook] IAEA. Available at: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1339_web.pdf
MINOR CHANGE TO DOE P 450.4A, INTEGRATED SAFETY MANAGEMENT POLICY. (2018). [ebook] U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Available at: https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/governing-laws.html
Nuclear Law Handbook. (2018). [ebook] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. Available at: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1160_web.pdf [Accessed 29 Jul. 2018].
Regulatory Oversight of Safety Culture in Nuclear Installations. (2018). [ebook] IAEA. Available at: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE_1707_CD/PDF/TECDOC_1707.pdf
Safety Culture. (2018). [ebook] IAEA. Available at: https://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/ni/safety-culture/safety-culture-leaflet.pdf
Saha, G. B. (2016). NRC Regulations for Radiation Protection in PET. In Basics of PET Imaging (pp. 197-214). Springer, Cham.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Safety Culture Oversight. (2018). [ebook] U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION. Available at: https: //U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Safety Culture Oversight

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