ENEC20003 Geotechnical Engineering Design

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ENEC20003 Geotechnical Engineering Design

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ENEC20003 Geotechnical Engineering Design

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Course Code: ENEC20003
University: Central Queensland University

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Country: Australia

Question:
Write about the Combine loads and Moments.

Answer:
Introduction
Foundation t design comprises of two discrete parts: a definitive bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation, and the middle of the road settlement that the balance can experience without influencing the superstructure. A definitive bearing capacity goes for deciding the load that the soil under the foundation can deal with before shear disappointment; while, the count of the settlement caused by the superstructure ought not surpass the breaking points of the permitted twisting for security, capacity and parts of development. Research on a definitive bearing capacity issues can be done utilizing either systematic arrangements or trial analysis. The previous could be considered through hypothesis of pliancy or limited component investigation, while the last is accomplished through directing model, model and full-scale tests. A tasteful arrangement is discovered just when hypothetical outcomes concur with those acquired tentatively. A writing overview regarding the matter demonstrates that most of the bearing capacity hypotheses include homogeneous soils under the foundation. Soil properties were accepted to stay consistent for the bearing capacity analysis, and thusly expository arrangements, similar to Hansen’s bearing capacity hypothesis, coordinated with the trial results. Nonetheless, in situations where the soil properties shift with depth, a large portion of these speculations can’t be executed, and the diagnostic arrangements that think about the non-homogeneity of the soil are approximations, and thus the outcomes are off base. Layered soil profiles are frequently experienced whether normally saved or misleadingly made. Inside each layer, the soil might be considered as homogeneous. A definitive load disappointment surface in the soil relies upon the shear quality parameters of the soil layers, for example, the thickness of the upper layer; the shape, size and insertion of balance; and the proportion of the thickness of the upper layer to the width of the balance. In this manner, it is vital to decide the dirt profile and to ascertain the bearing limit appropriately.  
Objectives

To determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundation when the foundation has only vertical loads
To determine the bearing capacity of shallow when the foundation has only horizontal loads
To determine the bearing capacity of shallow when the foundation has both the loads
To determine the bearing capacity of shallow when the foundation has both the loads and moment according to x and y direction 

Methodology 
Equation considered in Hansen’s and Meyerhof
Hansen’s Bearing capacity equations:
Here, the bearing capacity factors are given by the following expressions which depend on ?.
Equations are available for shape factors (sc, sq, sγ), depth factors (dc, dq, dγ) and load inclination factors (ic, iq, iγ). The effects of these factors are to reduce the bearing capacity.
Factor of safety [FS]
For the formula of Hansens and Meyerhof, we ascertain the estimation of extreme bearing capacity (q?) which the greatest value of the soil can hold up under it (that is. the bearing stress from foundation surpasses a definitive bearing limit of the soil, shear failure in soil will be happen), so we should  plan a foundation for a bearing capacity not as much as a definitive bearing ability to avert shear failure in the soil. This bearing capacity is called allowable Bearing Capacity and design is done on its determinations
q = qu/FS 
Meyerhof equation
Qu = qNq Fqs Fqd Fqi +0.5B γN γ F γ s F γ d  Fγi 
Where
c = Cohesion of the underlying soil
q = Effective stress at the level of the bottom of the foundation.
γ = unit weight of the underlying soil
B = Width of footing (= diameter for a circular foundation).
Nc, Nq, Nγ  = Bearing capacity factors
 Fqs F γs, Fcs  = Shape factors
 Fcd Fqd Fγd = Depth factors
Fci Fqi Fγi = Inclination factors  
Examples
Vertical loads
Meyerhof
A square footing 2m * 2m in a soil, c = 50 kN/m3, ? =200, γ = 18 kN/m3, D = 1.5 m, concentric vertical load = 50 kN, and the load is inclined at 100
qu = qu = cNcscic + γ*D*Nqsqiq + 0.5B1γNγsγ iγ
Nc = 14.8
Nq = 6.4
Nγ = 5.4
Sc = 1.3
Sq = 1.2
Sγ = 0.8
ic = iq = (1 – θ/90)2
ic = (1 – 100/90)2 = 0.79
iγ = (1 – 10/20)2 = 0.25
qu = 50 * 14.8 * 1.3 * 0.79 + 18 * 1.5 *6.4 * 1.2 * 0.79 + 0.5 * 18 * 2 * 5.4 * 0.8 *0.25 = 943.23 kN/m2  
Vertical load
Hansen method
A square footing Df = 1.0 m, cohesion , c= 0 , ? = 350, γ = 18 kN/m3, is designed to carry a vertical  load per metre ramp = 242 kN/m2,  breath, B = 0.7 m,  calculate the bearing capacity
Take
Nc = 46.12
Nq = 33.30
Nγ = 33.92
Hansen formula for ultimate bearing capacity qult of a square footing is
qult = cNcFscFdcFic +  *Nq FsqFdqFiq + 0.4BγNγFsγFdγFi
where  = Df *γ
since the load is vertical, all the three inclinations factors = Fic =Fiq =Fiγ =1
Fsq = 1 + (B/L)tan? = 1 + (0.7/1)tan350 = 1.5
Fdq = 1 + 2(tan?0)(1-sin?0)( Df/B)
= 1 + 2(tan350)(1-sin350)(1/0.7) = 1.85
Fs γ = 1- 0.4*(B/L) = 1-0.4*0.7 = 0.72
Fdγ = 1
qult = 0+ 18 *33.30*1.5*1*1.85 + 0.4*0.7*18*33.92*0.72*1*1 = 1786.42 kN/m2 
Combined loads
Meyerfoh  method
A 3m wide strip foundation is to be founded on the surface of a silt soil with the properties of, c = 40 kN/m3, ? = 202, γ = 18 kN/m3, what is the bearing capacity if the foundation is subjected to a vertical load of 220 kN/m run of wall at an eccentricity of  0.3 m, together with horizontal force of 50 kN/m run of wall.
B1 = B – 2e
       = 3 – 2 * 0.3
  = 2.4 m
Tanθ=50/220
   = 12.80
i = (1 – θ0/90)2
ic = (1 -12.80/90)2 = 0.74
iγ = (1 -12.80/90)2 = 0.13
Nc = 17.7 * 0.74 = 13.1
Nγ = 5 * 0.13 = 0.7
qu = cNc + γ*D*Nq + 0.5B1γNγ
        = 40 * 13.1 + 0.5 * 18 * 2.4 * 0.7
         = 539.12 kN/m2 
Combine loads 
Hansen  method
A 3m wide strip foundation is to be founded on the surface of a silt soil with the properties of, c = 0 kN/m3,? =470, what is the bearing capacity if the foundation is subjected to a vertical load of 220 kN/m run of wall at an eccentricity  = e, together with horizontal force of 50 kN/m run of wall of height  2 m.
e = overall moment /vertical load
  = 50*2/220 = 0.45 m
B1 = B – 2e
       = 1.4 – 2 * 0.45
  = 0.5  m
H = 50 kN
Vult = 220 kN
L/B = 2/0.5 = 4
?= 47
Nc = 187
Nq = 174
Nγ = 300
2tan?(1-sin?)2 = 2tan?(1-sin470)2 = 0.155
Nq/Nc = 187/174 = 1.078
All bi = gi = 1.0, since the base and ground are horizontal
dq,B = 1 + 2tan?(1-sin?)2D/B = 1 + 0.155(0.5/0.5) = 1.16
dq,L = 1 + 2tan(1-sin?)2D/L = 1 + 0.155(0.5/2.0) = 1.04
d γ,B = dγ,L = 1.00  
iq,B = [1 – (0.5H)/(V+Afcucot?)]2.5 = 1.0
i γ,B [1 – (0.5H)/(V+Afcucot?)]3.5 = 1.0
iq,L = [1 – 0.5H/(V + 0)]2.5 = [1-0.5(382)/1060]2.5 = 0.608
i γ,L = [1 – 0.7H/(V + 0)]2.5 = [1-0.7(382)/1060]3.5 = 0.361
sq,B = 1 + sin(Biq,B/L) = 1 + sin47[0.5(1)/2] = 1.18
sq,L = 1 + sin(Liq,L/B) = 1 + sin47[2(0.08)/0.5] = 2.78
s γ,B = 1 – 0.4(Bi,γ B/Liγ,L)
   = 1 – 0.4[0.5*1)/(2*0.361)] = 0.723 > 0.6
s γ,L = 1 – 0.4(Li,γ L/Biγ,B)
   = 1 – 0.4[(2*0.361)/(0.5*1)] = 0.422 < 0.6 qult = 0 +  *Nq FsqFdqFiq + 0.4BγNγFsγFdγFiγ qult = 0 + 0.5*9.43*187*1.18*1.16*1 + 0.5*9.43*0.5*300*0.732*1*1 = 1718.2 kN/m2   Combine loads and Moments Hansen  method A square footing 2.5m x 2.5m is shown below. If the maximum pressure on the foundation should not exceed the allowable bearing capacity. find the bearing capacity of the foundation can carry if the water table is 1m below the foundation, and the horizontal force = 124 KN, vertical load = 300 kN and the moment = 165 kN.m e = Overall moment /Vertical Load = (165 + 1.5H)/ 300 = 0.55 + 0.005H but H = 124 kN e = overall moment /vertical load   = 186+165/300 = 1.17 m B1 = B – 2e        = 2.84 – 2 * 1.17   = 0.5  m H = 124 kN Vult = 300 kN L/B = 2/0.5 = 4 Φ = 47 Nc = 187 Nq = 174 Nγ = 103 2tan?(1-sin?)2 = 2tan?(1-sin470)2 = 0.155 Nq/Nc = 187/174 = 1.078 All bi = gi = 1.0, since the base and ground are horizontal dq,B = 1 + 2tan?(1-sin?)2D/B = 1 + 0.155(0.5/0.5) = 1.16 dq,L = 1 + 2tan?(1-sin?)2D/L = 1 + 0.155(0.5/2.0) = 1.04 d γ,B = dγ,L = 1.00 iq,B = [1 – (0.5H)/(V+Afcucot?)]2.5 = 1.0 i γ,B =[1 – (0.5H)/(V+Afcucot?)]3.5  = 1.0 iq,L = [1 – 0.5H/(V + 0)]2.5 = [1-0.5(382)/1060]2.5 = 0.608 i γ,L = [1 – 0.7H/(V + 0)]2.5 = [1-0.7(382)/1060]3.5 = 0.361 sq,B = 1 + sin?(Biq,B/L) = 1 + sin470[0.5(1)/2] = 1.18 sq,L = 1 + sin(Liq,L/B) = 1 + sin470[2(0.08)/0.5] = 2.78 s γ,B = 1 – 0.4(Bi,γ B/Liγ,L)    = 1 – 0.4[0.5*1)/(2*0.361)] = 0.723 > 0.6
s γ,L = 1 – 0.4(Li,γ L/Biγ,B)
   = 1 – 0.4[(2*0.361)/(0.5*1)] = 0.422 < 0.6    qult = 0 +  *Nq FsqFdqFiq + 0.5BγNγFsγFdγFiγ qult = 0 + 0.5*9.43*187*1.18*1.16*1 + 0.5*9.43*0.5*300*0.732*1*1 = 1718.2 kN/m2  Meyerhof method A square footing 2.5m x 2.5m is shown below. If the maximum pressure on the foundation should not exceed the allowable bearing capacity. Using factor of safety (FS=3), find the bearing capacity of the foundation can carry if the water table is 1m below the foundation, and the horizontal force = 124 KN e = Overall moment /Vertical Load = (165 + 1.5H)/ 300 = 0.55 + 0.005H but H = 124 kN e = 0.55 + 0.005 *124 = 1.17 qmax  qall qall = qmax FS =  = 3 c = 50 kN/m2 q(effective stress) = 17 * 1.5 = 25.5 calculation of new area that maintains qu uniform B1 = B – 2e = 2.5 – 2e = 0.16 L1 = B = 2.5 B1used = min(B1, L1) = 2.5 -2e =0.16, L1used = 2.5 m Effective area A1 = (2.5 – 2e) * 2.5 = 6.25 – 5e = 0.4 m2 d = 1m γ = γ- = γ1 +(d*( γ – γ1))/B) γ1 = 19.5 – 10 9.5 kN/m3 d = 1.0 m γ = 17 kN/m3 γ- = 9.5 +(1*( 17 – 9.5))/2.5)= 12.5 kN/m3   Shape factor Fcs = 1 + (B1used/ L1used)(Nq/Nc)     = 1 + (0.16/2.5)*(22.46/37.16)   = 1.0387 Fqs = 1 + (B1used/ L1used))tan?     = 1+( 0.16/2.5)tan300 =1.03695 F γ s = 1 -0.4 (B1used/ L1used)         1 – 0.4(0.16/2.5) = 0.9744 Depth factor Fcd = Fqd - (1- Fqd)/Nc* tan      = 1.1732 - (1-1.1732)/(37.16 * tan30) = 1.18127 Fqd = 1+ 2tan30(1-sin30)2(1.5/2.5) = 1.1732 F γ d = 1 Bearing capacity factors For? = 300, Nc 37.16, Nq 22.46, Nγ = 19.13 Substitute for Qu = qNq Fqs Fqd Fqi +0.5B γN γ F γ s F γ d  Fγi   = 25.5*22.46*1.03695 *1.1732 + 0.5 * 2.5*17*19.13*0.9744 *1 = 1092.86 kN/m2  Horizontal loads Meyerhof method A square footing 2m * 2m in a soil, c = 50 kN/m3, , γ = 18 kN/m3, D = 1.5 m, concentric horizontal load = 50 kN, and the load is inclined at 100 qu = qu = cNcscic + γ*D*Nqsqiq + 0.5B1γNγsγ iγ Nc = 14.8 Nq = 6.4 Nγ = 5.4 Sc = 1.3 Sq = 1.2 Sγ = 0.8 ic = iq  = (1 –θ0/900)2 ic = (1 –100/90)2= 0.79 iγ = (1 –100/200)2= 0.25 qu = 50 * 14.8 * 1.3 * 0.79 + 18 * 1.5 *6.4 * 1.2 * 0.79 + 0.5 * 18 * 2 * 5.4 * 0.8 *0.25 = 943.23 kN/m2 Horizontal loads Hansen method A square footing Df = 2.0 m, cohesion , c= 0 ?= 350, γ = 18 kN/m3, is having a concentric horizontal  load = 240 kN/m2,  breath, B = 1.0 m,  calculate the bearing capacity Take Nc = 46.12 Nq = 33.30 Nγ = 33.92 Hansen formula for ultimate bearing capacity qult of a square footing is qult = cNcFscFdcFic +  *Nq FsqFdqFiq + 0.4BγNγFsγFdγFiγ where  = Df *γ since the load is vertical, all the three inclinations factors = Fic =Fiq =Fiγ =1 Fsq = 1 + (B/L)tan? = 1 + (1.0/2)tan350 = 1.4 Fdq = 1 + 2tan?(1-sin?)2(Df/B) = 1 + 2(tan350)(1-sin350)(2/1) = 2.194 Fs γ = 1- 0.4*(B/L) = 1-0.4*1/2 = 0.8 Fdγ = 1 qult = 0+ 18 *33.30*1.4*1*2.194 + 0.4*1.0*18*33.92*0.8*1*1 = 2036.50 kN/m2  Conclusion The soil over the base of the foundation are utilized just to calculate the term (q) in the second term of bearing limit conditions (Hansen's and Meyerhof) and every single other factor are calculated for the basic soil. Continuously the estimation of (q) is the successful stress at the level of the base of the foundation. If the foundation width (B) is required, and there exist water table beneath the foundation at separate (d), you ought to make assumption on the value of  d ≤ B, and figure B, at that point make a check for your presumption.  Reference Hansen,  J.B.  (1961),  A  General  Formula  for  Bearing  capacity,  Danish  Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, Bulletin, 11, pp. 38-46. Kotter, F. (1903), Die Bestimmung des Drucks angekrummten, eine Aufgabe aus der Lehre vom Erddruck, Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin (in German), pp. 229-233. Meyerhof, G.G.  (1951), The Ultimate Bearing  Capacity of  Foundations, Geotechnique,  2, pp. 301-332. Mohapatro, B.G. (2001), Some Studies on Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations, Ph.D. Thesis, IIT Bombay, India. Prandtl,  L.  (1920),  Uber  die Harte  plastischer  Korper.  Nachrichten  von  der  Konilichen Gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse au dem Jahre, Berlin (in German), pp. 74-85. Reissner H.  Zum Erddruckproblem  (1924), Proceedings of  the International  Congress for Applied Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands (in German), pp. 295-311. Saran, S. and Agarwal, R.K. (1991), Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Obliquely Loaded Footing, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 117(11), pp. 1669-1690. Soubra, A.H. (1999), Upper Bound Solutions for Bearing Capacity of Foundations, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 125(1), pp. 59-68 . Free Membership to World's Largest Sample Bank To View this & another 50000+ free samples. Please put your valid email id. 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