CHCDIV002 Promote The Aboriginal And Torres Islander Cultural Safety

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CHCDIV002 Promote The Aboriginal And Torres Islander Cultural Safety

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CHCDIV002 Promote The Aboriginal And Torres Islander Cultural Safety

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Course Code: CHCDIV002
University: Tafe NSW

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Country: Australia

Question:

Provide an explanation in your own words of the significance of each of the following terms:

Terra nullius
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Deamtime
Kinship/skin system
Stolen generation
Assimilation
Mabo case

In what ways did European settlement impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Explain what it means when we say that Indigenous Australian people have a holistic view of their health.
Name some of the legislation and policies that have been used since European settlement to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
What are some strategies you can use to ensure the cultural safety of an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander individual
A Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) can assist all Educators in your service to work toward developing strong cross-cultural relationships. Access your service’s RAP and answer the following questions. If you do not have access to one, complete an Internet search using ‘Early Childhood Education and Care reconciliation action plan’ as your search term, then choose one to refer to.
Summarise how the RAP expresses the importance of effective and equitable relationships between cultures as a demonstration of culturally safe work practices. Explain how you think the RAP helps to facilitate effective service delivery in a cross-cultural context.
Explain how you think acknowledging the potential impact of cultural factors and cross-cultural realities helps to facilitate full participation in service delivery.
How does the RAP provide opportunities to show respect and identify ways to improve List the opportunities.
Reflect on your own actions and choose one of the opportunities you listed in question
3. Explain how you could act on this opportunity.

Answer:

Terra Nullius:  Terra Nullius defines the international law which is applicable for territory that is not under any sovereignty of any state and not belong to any country.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is the name of the indigenous people who live in the Torres Strait Islands which the part of Queensland, Australia.  
Dreamtime: Dreamtime is a religion-cultural attribute of Australian Aboriginal beliefs. The present life of where human, bird, animal and fish all have a unchanged networking of relationship from the great spirit ancestors is the dreamtime.  
Kinship/ Skin System: It is a belief of Indigenous society across Central Australia which establishes the relationship between human and universe where everyone will have responsibilities toward other people.
Stolen Generation: They are the children of descent from Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander who are separated from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions according t the acts of the parliament.
Assimilation: It is the process from where the minority group of people assesses the customs and attitude of the prevailing culture and customs.  
Mabo Case: It is known as Mabo v Queenslandcase which was held under the High Court of Australia for the establishment of the native title in Australia of the Meriam people.

European settlement on Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander people has various impacts. They were suffered by several issues like the dispossession of land, new diseases, violent and death. The interference of white people changed their life for forever. When the English explorer Captain James Cook sailing across the Botany Bay he met with the Aboriginal people who believe in their religious and spiritual beliefs of Dreamtime.

Traditional authority and Aboriginal customary laws has helped the Aboriginal people to settle down the dispossession which they faced for being in the minority group people. Aboriginal people was disposed by the European when their lands are given as leased and sold, ignored their spiritual connection of Dreamtimes, they become to nomadic. However they came back to their land later. They are killed due to violent clashes and faced lack of food and water which caused diseases. They had no immunities to face the diseases like chickenpox, smallpox, typhoid, measles and influenza.  The violent conflict was increasing between them due to the fighting for their survival. However they died by the firepower and poisoned food by white people. Colonial government officials and Christians tried to help them and the government made some protection policies and later the Terra Nullius.

The Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people have a holistic view of their health. There are social, economic and general lifestyle factors that may contribute to the overall poor state of Aboriginal health.  The health status of Aboriginal people suffered from poverty, poor nutrition, poor housing, and dispossession of their traditional lands, low education level, high unemployment, hidden racism and inability of politicians to address Indigenous Australian issues. They hesitate to take advice from the health services. They have their holistic view regarding their physical, spiritual, social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of individuals and communities. They believe their illness is caused by some evil spirits for disobeying cultural practices. They establish their relationship with the community on the belief that they are spiritually linked with their land. They remembered their ancestors because they think it will help them to solve the medical issues.

They also belief the cause of illness is presence of evil spirits. If they disrespect those spirits or disobey the cultural spirit it may hurt their live with illness or natural disasters like floods and fires.

There are several legislation has been passed since European settlement manages Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976which was passed by the Australian government for recognizing the Australian system of land ownership. The Native Title Act 1993 was passed for establishment and protection of the native title. Under this act there are other acts has been passed. Those are Native Title Act 1993, Native Title Act 1994 (ACT), Native Title (New South Wales) Act 1994 (NSW), Native Title (South Australia) Act 1994 (SA), Native Title (Tasmania) Act 1994 (TAS), Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cwlth), Native Title (State Provisions) Act 1999 (WA) and Native Title Amendment Act 2007 (Cwlth). Aboriginal Affairs (Arrangements with the States) Act 1973 for the protection of the inter-governmental administration.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989 is paased for controlling the power in the country. Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1996 act was passed for the development of the political aspects. Native Title Amendment Act 1998 is passed for the land rights of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 (No. 129, 2007) is one of the new acts which are introduced for the land control and protection control of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are diversity with various cultures. They have several factors work with their cultures. The kinship is one of the important parts in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. They use interpersonal relationship and behavior which governs by the kinship or skin system where the people have a common language to make the relationship.

The skin system is one of the essential culture diversity form of law which is governs for social interaction and marriage. Unknown people who do not have any blood relation can join their community and given by a skin name for belong to the community. The language group is another form of skin group where the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people share same language, customs, culture and general laws which is the common bond of their language.
The senior male member of the group has a traditional language when they become elders. They need to maintain several rituals according to their personal qualities and knowledge of traditional law where they take the final decision on behalf of the community. Other cultures are extended family, raising and educating children, women’s business to giving birth, attitude to death and death ceremonies and measurement of times.

Early Childhood Education and Care reconciliation action plan

The Early Childhood Education and Care reconciliation action plan is most common thing in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. The action plan is one of the cultural paradigms where the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are aware with the cultures. The national Quality Standard always focuses on the cultural diversity fir broader the community on the education and cultures. The Reconciliation Action Plan is used to provide services and respect their environments. They make several strategies and commitments which helps to make mutual respect and awareness. The Early Childhood Education and Care reconciliation action plan is one of the initiatives of the Reconciliation Action Plan. In this program they help the children to behave with proper human nature and make them believe on the on the process of self-reflections. They help the children to develop their society, understanding the language, belonging, families and knowledge of world.
The aim of the Reconciliation Action Plan is to provide the natural culture and cultural identity on the sustained behavioral changes.  Recognizing and acknowledge own stereotypes and biases in the culture of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander.

Anna has overlooked the cultural aspects of presence of kinship when she asked Tasha;s grandmother to wait outside the service. In this system Anna need to talk with the parents first.
Anna has helped Jaquie overcome her fear and distrust of the paramedics. She was highlighted on the child protection. The child faced the fear of paramedics when she was asked to go to visit her sister in the hospital.
The lack of family involvement makes the era environment for Jacquie. The extended family needs the structure where the family member must look for the child protection policy. Kinship system m is helped to understand the lqanguage4 which they want to describe.
According to the rising of the child they must be educated with proper responsibilities. It is the duty of the parents that they will educate the children according to the community where the parents live.
According to the Early Childhood Australia Code of Ethics the child will be maintain with safe, healthy environment and will helped to developed their learning and education initiated. According to Anna, she ensures that the child will be treated with proper care and responsibilities.
According to the situation the health issue is one of the important things in the cultural safety. When people went to the hospital for their treatment they must be well treated. It is the duty of the service provider to provide a welcoming environment and encourage having positive attitude. When Sondra enquiry about the health problems the service provider will give the inquiry service to her and focus on the issues related with the cultural protocols. The illness and health program will be apply according to the situation of the patient.
When the service provider is helping Sondra he or she must have proper language regarding the enquiry of the health issues. The emotional impacts are must be understood of the Aboriginal person. To understand what kind of services she need regarding her child health issues. They also listen about the past medical reports if there is any lack of treatment. The service provider must build trust and a relation when the client can communicate properly with him or her. The appropriate approaches is one of the important thing to communicate.
Aboriginal liaison officer has several role and responsibilities. Aboriginal liaison officer are appointed in the hospital for giving the supports of emotional, social and cultural support to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients and their families when they visit the hospital for having treatment. When the patient comes to the hospital for having treatment, they have several feelings of worrying about the treatment or fear or sadness or home sickness or isolation. The Aboriginal liaison officer helps to overcome the situation by communicate with them.

The Aboriginal liaison officer are appointed in the hospital for giving emotional, social and cultural support to patients and their families of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. They asses with the health care services and make the awareness of health care treatments. They are assisting with professional health advices make them understand every health care procedure or any obligation related to the health situation of the patent. They also provide the health cultures to the patients and their family members.
It is the duty of the Aboriginal liaison officer to provide every detail about to make the agreement about taking admission and release from hospital. Sometime the Aboriginal liaison officer help to organize community support programs and services. They also help the patient to participate in the community support programs, agencies and services. It is the duty of the Aboriginal liaison officer to advocate and liaise on behalf of patients and their families. They arrange the Aboriginal Volunteer Visiting Program where the elder members of the community visit the patient to support them on their sickness.

The Aboriginal liaison officer are appointed in the hospital for giving emotional, social and cultural support to patients and their families of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.  They must have the proper quality and skills to communicate with the patients for recovering their situation. They involved with the clinical and primary health care where they can communicate with the patient and their families for giving more assist to them to deal with the emergency situation of them.

The Aboriginal liaison officer has some special skills to deal with the patients who come to the hospital for treatment. They must be well organized with their works. While working in the hospital they must enjoy their works with the patient and the co-workers. They make the best efforts to communicate with the patient and their families about giving the information regarding the treatment in the hospital. In the negotiation process, the Aboriginal liaison officer helps to negotiate the amount with the hospital authority. They also have the ability to spread awareness of cultural safety and works with patience and dignity. It is their duty to support the patient ad their family when they come to the hospital for having the treatment. The need to earn trusts from the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by communicate with them.
When they deals with the patient they must prepare about strategies which will be applicable to planning, development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of health care plans which will be applicable in the  situation.

The cultural broker defines the person who helps to a person or a group of person to transfer one culture to another for reduces the conflict or producing change. They help to divide the cultures from introduction to interaction between the researcher and the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander community. The culture broker can belong from the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander community or a professional person.

Here the Aboriginal liaison officer helps the patient and their families by providing information about the negotiation process in hospital. They also make the awareness about the health issues and their precautions to them. It is their duty that they will educate them about the diseases and treatment process in the hospital. The Aboriginal liaison officer also maintains their duty with proper care and responsibilities.  
Aboriginal liaison officer acts as a healthcare advisor with the patient and patient’s family when they providing the services. The must create the cultural safe environment for them. The Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander has lack of education about their safe environment. Therefore, it is the duty of the Aboriginal liaison officer to make the awareness about the education program and strategies of providing the culturally safe environment.

According to the case study, Arinya is a Yolngu Aboriginal educator who knows the English but most of the time prefers to communicate in her own language of Yolngu Matha which made some difficulties for other educators who works in the team. Though she has responsibilities to communicate with Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people other educators are suggesting communicating in English which will help the children and their parents to communicate with them.

There are several gaps of culture and language with Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people but then must learn the common language to communicate with the world and get their own safety cultures. The communication is important which will only possible through the English language. It is the duty of the Aboriginal educator who is the teacher must create the relationship with other educators in the work place which will help her to work according the planning of the education program.
When the parents will also learn the language it will help them to teach their children to behave and learn according to the cultural society. Successful relationships between the Aboriginal educator and other educator should be based on communication, planning together, collaborating, sharing ideas, discussing student issues and exchanging feedback and guidance. The Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people are not accessible with the English language. Therefore it is the duty of the Aboriginal Educator that she must help the children to learn English and make them comfort to interact with other educators.

There are several strategies to build the relationship between the relationships and develop the aspects which are affective in the culturally safe environment. There are several issues has been arises in the communication. After the European settlement several things has been changed and various issues has been arises which affect the relationship between the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. Those issues have made the effect and influence the social behavior between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian people.  

For developing on the issues first make the awareness of the difference between the verbal and non-verbal communication of the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. The other educators need to appreciate the variations in linguistic and cultural aspects of interactions of the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. If the Aboriginal Educator has any issue with the other educator then it is the duty of them to recognize miscommunication and understand the serious consequences of lack of the communication between them. They must works and proceed on the communication process with proper strategies and planning. It is the duty of the educators to make sure that the services which they are delivering must be effective for the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. The strategies which has been applied must help to develop and maintain an effective relationship with the Aboriginal Educator which not only appropriate to use but also support the culturally a safe environment.

Racisms and discrimination are important factor in the Aboriginal society. A person is discriminated trough the race, sex, age, marital status, sexual or disability grounds. Since the European settlement in Australia the Aboriginal people are facing several discriminations for due to the racism. Their culture has been breed out through the assimilation. The racism can be occurring due to the ill-health, education, employment, housing and medical care. The Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people have been facing the discrimination on racism from the beginning of the European settlement which is one f the important reason that they are not properly know the safe culture environment. The Non-Government Organization (NGO) has already taken several steps to control the situation of discrimination of the Aboriginal people in Australia. The Human Rights Council also made several treaties for controlling the racial discrimination of the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. They also made some successful implementation of those treaties.
The cultural aspects of building a workplace relationship with Indigenous Australian people:
Mutual respect and diversity: The mutual respect and diversity is one of the important part to build a workplace relationship with Indigenous Australian people. By giving the respect, it helps to make the involvement with the families and the educator. Mutual respect allows the families and educators to establish a common ground as a way of overcoming any limitations they are facing in the process, whether by contrast, or stereotyping, fear and a lack of understanding contribute to the environments. When there is a real possibility of discrimination and bias it make the more affected. When the respects has been given values, the valuable diversity make the involvements by  recognizing, respecting, utilizing and benefiting from what the other culture can offer the diversity aspects. The Diversity aspects can be depending on the religion, sexuality, disability, race or ethnic background and political views. The accepting and valuing the various differences and diversity which is empowering for the individuals and as well as for the organizations. Therefore it can be stated that the key aspects of building workplace relationships is to build mutual trust, an open respectful communication, empathy, shared decision making and openness to others views, values and perspectives.

Educators can encourage a positive environment by inviting diversity into the service for example learning environments are welcoming spaces for children and families to reflect and enrich the lives and identities of others participating in the setting and being able to respond to their interests and needs. Learning welcoming spaces cater for different learning capacities and learning styles and are able to invite children and families to contribute ideas, interests and questions. Gathering and analyzing information as evidence about what children know, can do and understand is a part of an on going cycle that includes planning, evaluating children’s learning and documenting how you can achieve this is by communicating about children’s learning and progress to families, children or other professionals also identifying children who may need additional support in order to achieve particular learning outcome.

Critical issues: The critical issues has several impact on the on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.  The religion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is one of the examples of the critical issue of them. They have several religion and culture diversities. They believe on their religious belief system which is the common belief in the Australian systems. The educator always makes the process of the educators which is the belief of them spread among the childcare centers. The beliefs always make the affects because those children only depend on them. For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people critical issues has never ending process.
Strategies for maintaining effective workplace relationships: The strategies for maintaining effective workplace relationships have also several impacts on the daily life of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. They have their own aspects which they are implemented in the work place which make the effective on the relationships. They make the collaboration and make the establishment with the positive perspective on the relationship which helps them to gain trust and communicate with each other with respects. The parent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people always make their children feel more comfortable when they have any issues or has any obstacles in theie=r life.  The parents always make the concerns with the children which is one of the most concerning thing in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. When the parents want to build the relationship with the children they must participate in every family activities which the children will experience in the centre. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people always communicate with the educator according to gaining the trust of them. There are several strategies and techniques have been applied for make the environment more comfortable in the workplaces. They have strategies and policies to apply the procedure to provide the support for the safety cultures for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.  They always make sure that they will have the b4est efforts and provide every aspect which can be a welcoming environment, encouraging diversity by sharing cultural experiences with each other and avoiding making judgments about people based on their looks or culture or racism. It is the duty of the educator that they will always provide their services to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with roper dignity and trusts. When the educators will need any consultation they can consult about the decision s which will be more affective for processing according the culturally suitable.
It is important to have Dylan and the other Elders agree on outcomes for measures of success before an evaluation begins. It is the most common challenge for them to plan according to the evaluation program. The cultural safety is one of the best results of cultural competence which help to describe the environment where the people can access without the discrimination. When an organization runs they must looks for the best cultural safety. The evaluate of cultural safety is always make the best integrated with the work and work place which help to put the good efforts for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

The cultural safety defines the best environ friendly and welcoming environment in the work place. The family and family members are also welcoming in the evaluation programs. The place must be recognized as safe place where the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people can work. The will get their value and every needs which they are require to continue to work on that place. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people will also gets every information which they are require of having. The evaluation program must have proper outlines and methods with highlighted resources. The evaluation program will be formed to make the solution with proper methods and actions. The development on the Indigenous-focused evaluation culture not always makes sure to get the success because of several difficulties to meet with the requirement of local communality needs.
The evaluation process is basically depends on the social policies and services which will have evidence based effectiveness for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In the evaluation program have addressed the community-wide issues, tackle complex or entrenched problems, or where the relationship between cause and effect, action and outcome, is poorly understood or changes according to circumstance.  The complex must take the place through the evaluation program.
Sometimes there are several disadvantages because of the lack of limited organizational resources and varying levels of intercultural understanding or trust with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This is one of the common disadvantages can faced such evaluation program. The programs are often runs against the backdrop of fluctuating policy priorities due to some social intervention for separating the effects of those specific programs. The Indigenous community organizations have rarely had the funding, incentives or support required to develop an internal evaluation or data collection capacity and the evaluation programs are develop rarely with proper program design. The evaluation program took a long term of service which may not satisfy for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This insufficient time or resource becomes an obstacle for the good quality evaluation for program outcomes. It can be hard to know whether a program should be funded or expanded or whether the money would be better spent elsewhere.
The service providers which are Dylan and the other Elders can have the complex to collect the evidence when they delivering services which may not work on the evaluation program of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

The data collection process in evaluation will be used in the cultural safety may evaluate in the safety process. The educator must have the cultural connections with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who will come to the centre. They have assigned with several activities where they can communicate and involve with cultural activities. The local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people must have the habit to come the centre with regular basis for having the services in a traditional way. The cultural safety will not safe without the low use of services which has been offered. Most of the time the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people individually not follow the evaluation process which makes the low esteem in the process. They are not individually engaged in the process and not make the interest to engage the process. The individuals show a low level of self- worth in the program and give the signs of anger. The negative response is also become the reason of not having the cultural safety in own work place.

The cultural safety only makes the successful by giving the signs to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people individually when they get a welcoming friendly environment in the work place. The family is the important part of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Therefore the families of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people must welcome in the workplace which make the safety work cultures. They must have a safe place to interact with each other. The Indigenous Australian workers must available to join the work place ad they will be valued for their works individually. The centre must ensure that the Indigenous Australian workers also take part in the community Indigenous events which will always helpful and make the success in the culture safety in the work places.
In the data collection process the educator must ensure that workers have policies and procedures to follow when dealing with Indigenous Australian individuals because it will help the organization who give the community services and ensure the culturally safety. The policies and procedures which are developing in the evaluation program must ensure that the consultation should apply with Indigenous Australian community leaders and workers in the work place and proceed according to the strategies. The physical environment will be modified in the evaluation program which helps to address the cultural safety in the work place. The impacts of colonization on the cultural practices made the togetherness with the experiences of Indigenous Australian individuals of western institutions through important significances on the way of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who participate in the service delivery in their work place. Community services organizations and their workers need to evaluate their cultural safety work practice on a continual basis and the Indigenous Australian community leaders will consults and work in the collaboration for helping in the development of the workplace culturally safe.
It is important to collect every data to process the evaluation process and proceed accordingly the strategic plan which will be helpful for the educator to make the workplace culturally safe.

Around the world there are several work cultures can be develop in the safety culture programs in the evaluation process. The community always works on the safe cultures which will help the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people according to the development on the safety cultures. The programs which are organized in the centre help must be processed with the best efforts of the community. The program will be effective when they are helpful to improve to program on the local communities.  From the past years it has been noticed that the evaluation has been understood and improve practices. With the use of the evaluation it help to growth the sector more growing for solving various problems and help the countless community-based organizations with best efforts.

The researcher has been used the evaluation in the safety of workplace culture from many years.  Not only for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but n world wide it works according to the solve of any conflicts or issues. By the use of evaluation, the process has a impact of systematic investigations which has a significant effort to the community. However, it has been changing every day according to the situation of the community worker who works on the community program. It has several kinds of evaluation programs.
The direct service intervention which offers the free breakfast for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children for improve nutrition. The community mobilization efforts describe the economic growth among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander farm works. The research initiatives help to search the health issues which is a outcomes based of the reduce of race. The surveillance system is organized to detect for improving the educational outcomes in the schools. The social marketing campaigns is known as the third world encouraging campaign for the mothers who breastfeed their babies for protect from any diseases. The infrastructure building project is set up for build the capacity of state agencies to support the community development initiatives among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The training programs give the proper training program to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for reduce unemployment in the urban areas or neighborhoods. The final evaluation program is administrative system which was introduced for the improvement the efficiency of health services in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This program also helps them to know about the diseases and their treatment in the hospitals.
In the evaluation program it is important to practice every activity for processed on the work culture safety issues. The program evaluation mainly works for the community health and development work among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.  It is one of the best efforts to evaluate the projects and strategies among the community groups of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and make the initiative to participate on the evaluation programs. The evaluation programs help to clarify the program plans, help to improve to produce relationship of communication among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

When the Europeans came to Australia, they saw no evidence of agriculture or civilization for the people. As a result of no evidence, the Indigenous people were restricted from their land, therefore, encountered a devastating effect on their community. For example, the Indigenous community lost their land and culture, the labor as exploited, susceptibility to diseases and change of diet.

Loss of land and culture a noticed due to European settlement, as the indigenous people were restricted and prohibited to practice their culture. As a result, the indigenous people could not wander for food nor were they allowed to practice their culture. The indigenous people became cheap labor source for the Europeans, as they considered them to be inferior. The indigenous male individuals worked as Stockman and laborers whereas the women worked as house helpers.

The European settlement resulted in the loss of land and culture for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. When the Europeans visited Australia, they found no evidence of civilization or agriculture. As a result, the Europeans got the advantage of colonizing and misusing the culture and land of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. As there was no evidence of agriculture, the Europeans took the lands of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Therefore, they were not able to practice their cultures and perform their rights. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were also restricted and prohibited to wander for food and look for lands perform their culture. Thus, loss of land resulted in the loss of culture for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
The European settlement of Australia resulted in discrimination and racism for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. After the European colonization, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were prohibited and deprived of the usual and standard lifestyle. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had a long waiting list for housing along with the lack of education. For example, due to the language difference, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were deprived of the education that hampered their standard of living and employment. The unemployment rate for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were three times compared to the Europeans. Lack of money did not allow the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to have medical facilities, proper education, employment and standard of living. Therefore, discrimination and racism due to European settlement affected the extensively.
The European settlement has affected the past and present power relations of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people extensively. The cultural existence of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people dates back to 60,000 years before the European colonization. For example, the historical events did not consider he Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people thereby, affecting their choice to decide their loving location, their education, and employment. Based on the past power relations, the Australian government has taken steps to benefit the present power relation. For example, the Australian government apologized to the lost generations and included the non-indigenous to take decisions on behalf of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. As a result, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be affected due to political, social and economic issues.
In the context of cultural safety in early childhood services, cultural competence is defined as the ability to interact with people from different cultural background effectively. According to the cultural competence, it is significant to meet the interests and needs of the children. Therefore, the children’s rights and cultural value need to be considered while providing service to the children within the organization. The children are not supposed to be deprived and prohibited of their own rights. Moreover, the children need to have the independence of practicing their own rights and cultures and the organization must not force the children to compromise with their background. The Australian government has agreed to ensure that each child have the opportunity of exercising their rights for learning, using cultural language and family customs.
In the context of cultural safety in early childhood services, cultural awareness is defined as the ability for the service workers to work from people with different cultural background. The service providers need to meet the needs, rights, and interests of the children through empathy, understanding and appreciation. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have distinctive cultures compared to the non-indigenous people. Therefore, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have different cultures that need to be respected and fulfilled by the organizations while taking care of them. The cultural awareness allows the service providers to be aware of the cultural preferences of the children and consider them while providing service to them.
The western culture affected the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and their engagement with early childhood services. Due to the western culture, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have to be aware of the children rights and cultures. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service providers are not supposed to enforce the children to compromise with their cultural background, rights, and practices. For example, a child needs to have the independence and liberty to continue with individual culture, background and right in the child service. Forcing the children in the childcare service is against the Australian law. The government has ordered that the children have complete right of exercising their rights in terms of using their respective cultural language, rights, and practices.
According to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, cultural diversity is defined as the differences in law, ceremony, customs, language and beliefs within the community. Indigenous Australians are connected strongly to the land in terms of land, animal, people, and birds. Diversity for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also constitutes of the creation of the spirit and other inhabitants of the land. Each population is comprised of a wide range of personalities, values, backgrounds, and beliefs. For example, in Sydney Australia, there is 34 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population within which 4 different language exists. Therefore, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are extremely diverse and complex in terms of cultural diversity. For example, Koori is referred to indigenous Australian people from and in New South Wales whereas Koorie refers to indigenous Australian people from and in Victoria.
The European colonization has adversely affected the life and living standard of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in terms of rights, cultures, land and discrimination and racism. Therefore, the law will help in protecting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and ensure that they are not deprived of their rights and cultures. The laws will also ensure protection for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, as they encounter discrimination and racism in daily life. The laws for ensuring protection for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people include The Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, Disability Discrimination Act, 1992and Sex Discrimination Act, 1975.
Kinship is a significant factor for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Interpersonal behaviors and relationships are influenced by a complex kinship or the color of the skin. The concept of kinship among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is defined as the expanded idea of family. Under the rules of kinship among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people know where they stand in relation to others in the group and with people outside the group. For example, the kinship plays a significant role in marriage among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. According to kinship, even if two people are not related by blood, they are related by their skin color.
Various factors contribute to ill health and common diseases experienced by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people define disease in terms of the culture. The factors that lead to ill health and diseases for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are poor access to health care, poor access to food, suitable advice on nutrition and lack of proper education. Lack of education among the mothers affects the health of the infants since an early age. Due to ignorance, the mothers are unable to take care of the children in terms of providing them appropriate food and nutrition. Moreover, lack of money restricts the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to access proper healthcare facility resulting in death. Moreover, lack of money also prohibits the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to provide nutritious food to the children resulting in ill health and diseases.
Ill health or diseases affect the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in terms of decision-making, communicating, retaining information and understanding. This is because ill health or diseases lead to the poor psychological growth of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. As the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people suffer ill health, it is difficult for them to continue education and gain knowledge. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people suffer greatly from mental diseases that eventually hamper their decision-making ability, communication, understanding and retaining information. As a result, they lose their potential of learning, education and employment.
According to the case study, Casey needs to understand the potential impacts on Indigenous Australian people. First she needs to look for the emotional impacts between their families members must aware about their cultures where the services has been provided. The historical reasons for the lack of trust also she needs to understand of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

The cultural biases are another negative stereotyping and discrimination which make the violence. Casey needs to understand those issues on the discrimination which will be effective and culturally safe work in the work environment for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She must look after the issues that how the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island has suffer physical and mental health disadvantages in their community.

According to the case study, Casey has heard about negative stereotyping among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The educator needs to support them while making the decisions. The chance of participate in decision-making about issues affecting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people most. Therefore she needs to first identify the issues of negative stereotyping and then proceed according to the situation. In negative stereotyping, the Aboriginal people have historical past for the European impacts which made them more violent and accessible in the sexual, alcohol and drug abuse in communities. However, nowadays these days they are working on the several issues like discrimination on the work places.
The aspects which Casey need to learn for providing the cultural safety among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are She need to respect their supports ad make them the chance to make decisions on their issues. Focus on the issues and understand the cultural biases. Gain their trust and support their cultures in every day perspectives. Be sensitive while communicate with them. Must show respect ad empathy to them about their issues. Must need to show the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that her decision will be supportive to them and not non-judgmental.  She needs to listen the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people carefully rather than more talk. This is how she can communicate with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and gather the information of negative stereotyping.
According to the case study, Casey can take several actions to ensure the cultural safety which will be provided in the work place. She needs to implement the several updating strategies in the safety work cultures with sharing knowledge and experiences. The Indigenous Professional Support Unit (IPSU) helps the educator to involve with the safety cultures. While providing the emotional, social and cultural supports on the services they must involve the families and community.  She needs to advocate and liaise the service on the behalf of the service recipient or their family for co-ordinate with the Indigenous and non-Indigenous organizations. These strategies will help to her to ensure the cultural safety which will be provided in the work place.
Gelda is trying to interact with Maureen but she is notable to talk with her because Maureen is very shy to talk with strangers but when she is using some body language to Maureen it makes her comfortable to communicate. Maureen is not gain the trust of Gelda because she is new in her work place until she holds her hands and shakes to give the assurance about the trust and communications. However by gaining her trust she can communicate and know about her. As an educator it is her duty to make comfortable with Maureen and involve her in the school programs.

She must show respect to her and make her feel about that she is important and will get help from her.

Gelda need to find the appropriate person who can help her to communicate properly according to the cultural knowledge of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She can take help from her colleagues in her work place who are there from a long time and get to know various information about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She also takes help from the Elders of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She must need to understand their cultures by several referral procedures which are the support programs in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She also needs to collect the information and enquiry about the communication process of them. Along with the all services she needs to use her own cultural knowledge in the work place.

The kinship is the system where the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people give respect to each other through their behaviors. Gelda need to learn the kinship system that how they are interacts with each other.

The communication is the important thing to interact with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Their language is quite difficult to understand but it is the duty of the educator to learn and interpret with them through several expressions which shows respects to them. They mostly like to respond to indirect questions rather that direct approaches. Blunt questions make them feel suspicious which will make them uncomfortable and they may not response to the educator.

Sometimes the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people do not like the looking a person directly in the eye because they considered it as a rude approach or disrespectful to them. Non-verbal communication is another part of communication and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people most of the time communicates with through the non-verbal communication. Therefore it is need to understand their body language how they listen, think and help to gain their trusts. They also prefer a long time silence and thinking through. The art and religion is another important part in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who are express their cultures through art, songs and dance.

According to the case study, the anti-discrimination legislations helps the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of ensure the cultural safety. The anti discrimination acts has been made for the protect the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from the discrimination in the work place or any place where their rights has been discriminate. It is important to protect the children and their families from the discrimination for gaining their rights and equality in every aspect. It is important to make several legislations which can protect the discrimination of the child and their family members.
The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 gives the provisions of the protection to the person who has disability and prohibits direct or indirect discrimination due to the disability.  The act was introduced for the protection of the disable people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island. It protects from the discrimination that are associated with their friends, relatives, careers and co-workers. The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 makes the discrimination area of employment, education, access to public premises, purchase of house and land, provision of goods, services and facilities and administration of Commonwealth Government laws and programs. by the implication of the Discrimination Act 1992 protects the child and their family members.
The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 provide the protection to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from the racial discrimination and offensive behaviors. The racial discrimination covers the discrimination according to the race, color, descent and national or ethnic origin. The act also gives the protection to the people who discriminate according to their particular ethnicity. This act is applicable for every citizen of Australia, not only the citizen, the organizations also applies the act for protection against racism. The Racial Hatred Act 1995 (Cth) also added in the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 for providing the avenue for the people to complain about racist behavior that offends, insults, humiliates or intimidates others in public.
Betty needs to involve in the planning process for the child care centre of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. She needs to interact with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for gaining their trust and showed respect for them. She needs to set the meeting for summarizing the Federal Acts for having the support and funding from government. She must encourage the people to join on the child care group and make them participate in the childcare centre.
 She needs to encourage the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to join as employee in the child care centre. She needs to show them about various opportunities of having employment in the child care centre. They must get involved in the various programs in the childcare policies and participate on the services and resources. They also ensured that the child care centre in free from discrimination and they will get the equal opportunities. They can participate in the decision making process and give their decisions according to the situation. This is how the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people can have the employment.

References
Aboriginal Affairs (Arrangements with the States) Act 1973
Andersen, Clair, Ann Edwards, and Brigette Wolfe. “Finding Space and Place: Using Narrative and Imagery to Support Successful Outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Enabling Programs.” The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education (2016): 1-11.
Behrendt, L. Y., et al. “Review of higher education access and outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.” (2012).
Carey, Timothy A., et al. “The Australian Psychological Society’s Apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.” Australian Psychologist 52.4 (2017): 261-267.
Davy, Carol, et al. “Facilitating engagement through strong relationships between primary healthcare and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.” Australian and New Zealand journal of public health 40.6 (2016): 535-541.
Disability Discrimination Act, 1992 
Gilroy, J., et al. “Twelve factors that can influence the participation of Aboriginal people in disability services.” Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin 16.1 (2016).
Heffernan, Edward B., et al. “Prevalence of mental illness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Queensland prisons.” Medical Journal of Australia 197.1 (2012): 37.
Jorm, Anthony F., et al. “Mental health of Indigenous Australians: a review of findings from community surveys.” Medical Journal of Australia 196.2 (2012): 118.
Mercer, Carmel, Jacinta Byrth, and Zoe Jordan. “The experiences of Aboriginal health workers and non?Aboriginal health professionals working collaboratively in the delivery of health care to Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review.” JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 12.3 (2014): 234-418.
Native Title (New South Wales) Act 1994 (NSW)
Native Title (South Australia) Act 1994 (SA)
Native Title (State Provisions) Act 1999 (WA)
Native Title (Tasmania) Act 1994 (TAS)
Native Title Act 1993 
Native Title Act 1994 (ACT) 
Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cwlth)
Native Title Amendment Act 2007 (Cwlth)
Nguyen, Oanh K., and Sheree Cairney. Literature review of the interplay between education, employment, health and wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas: working towards an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander wellbeing framework. Ninti One Limited, 2013.
Parker, Robert, and Helen Milroy. “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview.” Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice 2 (2014): 25-38.
Racial Discrimination Act, 1975 
Read, Peter. “Reflecting on the stolen generations.” Indigenous Law Bulletin 8.13 (2014): 3.
Sex Discrimination Act, 1975
Thomas, Gary. “The right to be human: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and human rights.” 2015). Knowledge of life: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia (2015): 203-218.

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