Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
 
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Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (Figure 1a). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices (Figure 1b). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues. As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Technology makes vast amounts of information (and misinformation) readily available. The challenge is navigating this sea of information. Our goal for your general science education is to develop your scientific literacy. A critical skill you must develop is the ability to find reputable sources for scientific information. There are many sources of high-quality scientific information on the open web, you just need to learn how to spot them.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

Anatomy: The study of the parts and structures of the human body
Physiology: The study of the functions of the human body
Gross anatomy: The study of the parts and structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and without the use of a microscope
Microscopic anatomy: The study of the parts and structures of the human body that can NOT be seen with the naked eye and only seen with the use of a microscope Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
The frontal plane: Also referred to as the coronal plane, separates the front from the back of the body.
Ventral surface: The front of the body
Dorsal surface: The back of the body
Transverse plane: Also referred to as the cross sectional plane separates the top of the body at the waist from the bottom of the body
Sagittal plane: Also referred to as the medial plane separates the right side of the body from the left side of the body
Anterior: Closer to the front of the body than another bodily part Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Posterior: Further from the front of the body than another bodily part
Superior: One bodily part is above another bodily part
Inferior: One bodily part is below another bodily part
Cytology: A subdivision of microscopic anatomy that is the study of the parts and structures of the body’s cells
Histology: A subdivision of microscopic anatomy that is the study of the parts and structures of the body’s tissues
Cell: The basic building blocks of the human body and the bodies of all other living species
Prokaryotes: One of the two types of cells that don’t have organelles or a nucleus Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Eukaryotes: One of the two types of cells that have a nucleus containing genetic material and organelles
Cell wall: The area around the cell that protects the cell membrane and the cell from threats in its external environment
Extracellular: The environment outside of a cell
Intracellular: Inside the cell
Permeability: The ability of the cell to let particles into the cells and to get particles out of the cell
Ions: Electrically charged molecules such as electrolytes in the human body
Anions: Electrolytes that have a negative electrical charge
Cations: Electrolytes that have positive electrical charge
Cell membrane: The covering that envelopes cells and somewhat acts like the gate keeper of the cell.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Cytoplasm: The substance which makes up the bulk of a living cell and contains the organelles
Cytoskeleton: The part of the cell that maintains the shape and form of the cell
Cell nucleus: The place in the cell that contains chromosomes and the place where both DNA and RNA are synthesized and replicated.
Organelles: The “mini organs” in the cell that perform a specific role.
Mitochondria: This organelle produces and stores energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with a complex cycle of production known as the Krebs’s cycle
Lysosomes: The organelle that breaks down and disposes of cellular wastes Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Endoplasmic reticulum: The organelle that synthesizes proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus: The organelle that processes and stores the proteins and lipids that it receives from the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes: The organelle that synthesize protein with the linking of different amino acids as per the instructions of the messenger RNA molecules Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Passive transport: The movement of molecules across membranes that does NOT require the use of cellular energy to perform this transport
Active transport: The movement of molecules across membranes that requires the use of cellular energy to perform this transport Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Diffusion: The movement of molecule from an area of higher concentration to the area or side of the membrane that has the lesser concentration
Osmosis: A type of passive transport that does NOT require the use of cellular energy to move water and solute particles
Meiosis: Cell division where the resulting cells have half of the original number of chromosomes Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Mitosis: Cell division where the nucleus of the cell replicates itself into two identical copies of itself
Tissues: A group of cells with similar structure that join together to perform a specialized function
Epithelial tissue: Also referred to as epithelium, it is the type of tissue that skin and glands are made of
Connective tissue: The type of tissue that ligaments, tendons and bones are made of
Skeletal muscle tissue: Striated muscle that enables voluntary bodily movement
Smooth muscle tissue: Muscle that is not striated and not under voluntary control
Cardiac muscle tissue: Striated, involuntary muscle that is found only in the heart. This tissue enables cardiac functioning.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Nervous tissue: Neural tissue in the central and peripheral nervous systems
Organs: A self-contained group of tissues that serves at least one bodily function to maintain normal bodily functioning and the homeostasis, or balance, of the body.
Bodily systems: Groups of bodily tissues that group together to perform specific roles and functions in the body to maintain its homeostasis Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

 
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• Select a source of anatomy and physiology information from the open web.
• Evaluate the source and explain why it is or is not a credible source of information.
• Provide a reference in APA format.
* No Plagiarism
* 400-500 words maximum. Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper
Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Some specializations within each of these sciences follow:Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones.

Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.

Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level.

Neurophysiology is the study of how the nervous system functions.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

Organizations of living systems

Living systems can be defined from various perspectives, from the broad (looking at the entire earth) to the minute (individual atoms). Each perspective provides information about how or why a living system functions:Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

At the chemical level, atoms, molecules (combinations of atoms), and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.

The cell is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells.

An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper

An organ system is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.

An organism is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.Anatomy & Physiology Essay Paper