ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL Term Paper Assignment, 25% of your grade, 66.6 points Submit via SafeAssign® 1. Select a Nursing Care Delivery Model from the literature. Further information can be found under the BB tab, Term Paper. This is does not need to be the model you use in your work environment. If you do choose the model of your workplace please make sure it is a nursing model of care that is described in the literature, not just a model used in your organization. Do not mention your organization and do not give your opinion or personal views on the model. This is not an opinion paper, it is a factual paper with references found in peer reviewed journals or texts. 2. Describe the model: ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL. 

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 History of the model (when, where, why, who developed it)  What personnel are utilized in the model?  What are their roles and responsibilities? Educational preparation? Licensure requirements?  How is the work coordinated?  What are the reporting relationships?  What are the educational requirements for the various nursing positions in the model? 3. Discuss how this model:  Affects/influences cost, quality of care, patient and family satisfaction.  How is the availability of resources taken into consideration when adopting this model.  How does the delivery model affect nursing job satisfaction, patient/family satisfaction, and hospital satisfaction? ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.  4. Discuss all of the pros/advantages and cons/disadvantages of this care delivery model. Do not just list them. 5. Papers must be typewritten using proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling. There must be an introductory paragraph that states the model you will be discussing and a conclusion paragraph summarizing all of the key points of your paper. There needs to be a title page and a separate reference page. Submit papers through SafeAssign®. Use of APA format is required for the term paper, all in-text citations and all references. One letter grade will be deducted for improper format. APA format resources are available on BB as well as from multiple sources on the internet and in the library. THE MODELS TO BE CHOSEN FROM: =Total patient care -Functional nursing -Team nursing =Primary nursing ONE OF THE RESOURCES HAS TO BE THE TEXTBOOK: \”LEADING AND MANAGING IN NURSING\” SIXTH EDITION BY PATRICIA S. YODER-WISE. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Introduction

                        In the past few decades, management and organization of nursing care has faced intense pressure on how healthcare costs can be minimized and meet the serious shortage of nurses to deliver high quality efficient care. There have also been increases in the number of reports that raise concerns on how operations in nursing care are dysfunctional and result from faulty conditions within organizations. Majority of these reports have revealed the impacts of poor healthcare environments on the quality of care given to patients and the resultant effects on patient safety. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Since nurses are actively involved in service delivery in healthcare settings, how nursing resources are organized is vital to the performance of organizations. It is for this reason that most healthcare managers are being challenged to find care delivery models that are operational and make maximum use of the nursing resources that are currently available to sustain safe quality care. The restructuring of nursing care has led to a number of care models which can be used to organize care. The nursing care models vary in terms of patterns of staffing, work environment and scope of practice. These nursing care models are Total patient care, Functional nursing, team nursing, and primary nursing. The team nursing model and Functional nursing model are task oriented and make maximum use of the nursing personnel (Yoder-Wise, 2014).  On the other hand, the primary nursing model and total patient care delivery model are patient-oriented and are heavily reliant on registered nurses for care delivery.

This paper discusses the team nursing care model. It will provide a comprehensive discussion of it’s: history, roles, and responsibilities of every person and how it influences the cost and quality of care satisfaction. A description of the advantages and disadvantages of team nursing care model will also be provided. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Significance of Team Nursing Care Model

Team nursing care delivery model uses a clear line of structure and organization for vertical and horizontal communication to provide organized care. Care is provided through others and this is achieved by pairing nursing assistants, vocational nurses with a highly experienced registered nurse to maximize on their individual abilities through close supervision of patient care. Therefore, it maximizes on the availed human resources within a nursing team to deliver high-quality, safe patient care. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

 Model Description
Introduction

            The team nursing model is a care delivery model in which a group of health practitioners cares for patient groups in inpatient or acute care settings. This is a system which distributes patient care among team members who work towards a common goal for every patient and is made up of four to six members with a team leader who gives roles and instructions to members (Davidson & Everett, 2015). This nursing care model is based on the philosophy that, non-professional and professional personnel collaborate in identifying, planning to implement and to evaluate comprehensive patient-centered care. Its major concept is a group that works together for a common goal, providing comprehensive qualitative care (Reiss-Brennan, et al., 2016).  Its design was therefore meant to accommodate a number of personnel categories in meeting the nursing needs of clients. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

History of the Model

This model was discovered in the 1950s as a response to the nursing shortage that was progressively increasing following the Second World War that made nurses leave hospitals. Its development was supported by a grant from the Kellogg Foundation which was then directed by Eleanor Lamberston. Its development was also inspired by a lot of criticism on the functional care model and the need that arose to improve the satisfaction of patients (Kutzleb, et. al., 2015). Most people felt that, even though there was a continuous shortage of the nursing staff, there was an urgent need to develop a care delivery model to reduce the fragmented care that was associated with functional nursing care model (Yoder-Wise, 2014).  ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

The technological and social changes that happened during the Second World War also inspired the formation of team nursing care model. Most nurses were drawn away from hospitals, and procedures, services and equipment became more complicated and expensive (Davidson & Everett, 2015).  Therefore, there was an urgent need for specialization at every point. Its development was an attempt to meet the increasing demand for nursing services and make good use of the skills and knowledge of nurses who were professionals. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Personnel Utilized In the Model

Figure 1: Figure Illustrating the Personnel Utilized In Team Nursing Care Delivery Model

            The major objective of the team nursing care model is to provide patients with the best quality of care by maximally utilizing each staff’s abilities through close supervision of the patient and the nurse (Davidson & Everett, 2015).  To fulfill this function, it comprises of charge nurse, registered nurses, vocational nurses and certified nursing assistants who are directly involved in providing care to patients.  ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Roles and responsibilities

Figure 2: Figure Illustrating the roles and responsibilities of Registered Nurses in Team Nursing Care Model

The registered nurse plays the team leader role and is responsible for coordinating smaller groups that comprise to a maximum of five ancillary personnel who provide care to patients. The registered nurse is also responsible for promoting an environment that is highly conducive besides helping to maintain clear communication channels with other team members (Reiss-Brennan, et al., 2016). More specifically, the duties of the team leader are: giving direction and assistance to team members, assigning roles, directly giving patient care, teaching and coordination of patient activities. Members are mandated to directly report to the leader who then reports to either the manager of the unit or the nurse in charge (Yoder-Wise, 2014).  ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Work Coordination

Figure 3: Figure illustrating the coordination of work in Team Nursing Care Model

Each nursing team comprises of a registered nurse, nursing assistants and vocational nurses. The registered nurse acts as the team leader and must at all times be informed on patient’s condition by nursing assistants and vocational nurses to plan for patients individualized care. As the team leader, they freely use their initiative to nurse, teach and supervise ancillary staff. Nursing Assistants and Vocational nurses are in charge of directing bedside care to patients although they are sometimes assisted by the registered nurse (Davidson & Everett, 2015).  This means that, generally, the nurses develop close relations with the patients whom they provide care for. The registered nurse reports to the charge nurse who is often the head of a unit (Hastings et al., 2016). ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Reporting relationships

Figure 4: Figure illustrating the reporting relationships among Personnel in Team Nursing Care Model

Communication among these members is supported by the use of written assignments of patients, nursing care plan development and team conferences that are regularly scheduled to discuss the status of patients and formulate alternative approaches to care plans (Davidson & Everett, 2015). This evidently shows that, if the team nursing care model should succeed, the team leader ought to possess strong clinical and communication skills, have the ability to delegate, make decisions and create a working environment where members relate well and are highly co-operative. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Educational Preparation, Requirements and Licensure Requirements for Positions in the Model
            Registered nurses complete an associate or bachelor’s degree in nursing that takes four ways and upon program completion, obtains sit for the NCLEX-RN board exam to obtain licensure. Certified Nursing Assistants need a high school diploma, an assistant training in nursing and take a board exam to qualify (Reiss-Brennan, et al., 2016). Afterward, one needs to complete a 6-12 week CAN certification program before obtaining licensure. Vocational nurses are also known as licensed practical and vocational nurses and take a one-year training to get a diploma or certificate. After program completion, one is expected to take an exam to obtain licensure from the National Council Licensure Examination for practical nurses (Yoder-Wise, 2014). ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Discussion of the Team Nursing Care Model

How It Influences/Affects Cost, Quality of Care, Patient and Family Satisfaction

            Team nursing care model has influenced the need to define to redefine the roles of registered nurses, nursing assistants, and vocational nurses so that resources are maximized when providing care. It, therefore, uses a wide skill mix to ensure that patient nursing needs are met with good health outcomes, thus promoting patient satisfaction (Wen & Schulman, 2014). Just by the fact that every team member is provided with the opportunity to maximize individual skills, capabilities, and knowledge and learn from each other, patients are guaranteed safe and high-quality care. Patients receive care from a central point depending on who is assigned to take care of them until when they recover. Hence, it minimizes on costs (Davidson & Everett, 2015).   ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

How the Availability of Resources Is Considered During the Adoption of This Model

The adoption of team nursing care model should be considered in hospitals that face high rates of turnovers, a huge influx of new nurse hires increased patient acuity, frequent fluctuation in staffing needs or significant reduction in staff satisfaction and morale (Kutzleb, et. al., 2015). The resources required to facilitate this implementation are: care hub huddles, patient whiteboards, bedside shift reports, transitional care unit, adequate nursing staff including registered nurses, nurse assistants and vocational nurses (Wen & Schulman, 2014)’ ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

How Team Nursing Care Model Affects Nursing Job Satisfaction, Patient/Family Satisfaction, and Hospital Satisfaction

With regards to nursing job satisfaction, team nursing care model presents every team member with the chance to utilize their skills and knowledge that they are the best in. Therefore, colleagues are able to learn from each other and acquire new skills and knowledge (Kutzleb, et. al., 2015). This promotes job satisfaction and the safety of patients. Nurses are also presented with enough time to document patient care.

When it comes to patient/family satisfaction, this model utilizes the strengths of all healthcare practitioners to provide patients with the best care resulting in good health outcomes that meets the needs of patients. This means that patient needs vary from one to another. Therefore, every patient receives individualized care and this has shown to improve patient health outcomes and satisfaction (Dubois et al., 2012).  ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

The aim of a hospital is to ensure that patients receive high-quality cost-effective care that meets their needs through healthcare staff. This is satisfied through well-coordinated care that meets the needs of patients and maximizes on the skills and knowledge of available nursing staff in the team nursing care model (Davidson & Everett, 2015).

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Nursing Care Model
Advantages

Figure 5: A pictorial representation of the advantages of Team Nursing Care Model

First, this model presents team members with the opportunity to contribute their individual skills, knowledge, and expertise in nursing care. While this enables the ability of team members to learn from one another, team leaders can maximize on each member’s expertise and abilities when assigning staff to patients (Reiss-Brennan, et al., 2016). This generally gives members the feeling of participation and belonging, making workloads easier to balance and share. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

The fact that the leader maximizes on delegation as a major skill allows division of labor and every member in a team gets the opportunity to develop skills in leadership. This means that, there will be a variety in daily patient assignments and that the overall interest in the wellbeing and care of patients is shared by many people, increasing the reliability of decisions made (Hastings et al., 2016).

Another advantage is that, since every member is assigned to a patient, patients are able to easily identify the personnel responsible for their care making it easier to hold people accountable for their actions. Similarly, if care teams are constant, continuity of care is facilitated (Dubois et al., 2012). Team nursing care model incorporates professional and non-professional teams. Therefore, it minimizes the communication barriers between these two groups letting the efforts of a group to prevail. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Disadvantages

Most of the disadvantages of team nursing care model are primarily associated with an improper implementation rather than its philosophy. More often, it provides insufficient time for communication and planning on team care. The resultant effects are blurred responsibility lines, the likelihood of errors and highly fragmented patient care (Davidson & Everett, 2015).

So that team nursing care model is highly effective, it is mandatory that it should obtain a leader who possesses good organizational, interpersonal, leadership and communication skills apart from being an excellent practitioner. Otherwise, the lack of these essential skills risks the likelihood of failure (Reiss-Brennan, et al., 2016). It is also worthy to note that, the establishment of a team concept takes a lot of effort, time and personnel consistency. Therefore, having unstable nursing staffing patterns contributes to team nursing difficulty and depersonalized care. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

            Communication in a team nursing care model is complex. Therefore, having less time to plan for care and communicate is likely to result to goals which are unclear (Hastings et al., 2016). When it comes to nursing functions, there is less independence and individual responsibility. Therefore, having shared responsibilities can create confusion and a lack of accountability. Similarly, in case there exist some variations in daily team assignments such that a patient is confronted with several caregivers, continuity of care is less likely to be achieved (Dubois et al., 2012). ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

Conclusion

How care is organized and delivered is determined by a number of factors such as beliefs in leadership, economic issues, staff recruitment, and retention. Evidence of how a care model impacts the quality of care and patient safety is also a major factor in deciding which care delivery model to use. Historically, the organization and delivery of care have been dominated by models of care with the team nursing care model as a perfect example. This model was developed in the 1950s when there was an urgent need to meet the demand for nursing services and do away with the functional nursing model after the Second World War. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.

The team nursing care model comprises of registered nurses, vocational nurses and certified nursing assistants. The registered nurse acts as the head of the team and involved in the planning, communication, and coordination of care and reports to the nurse in charge. Vocational nurses and certified nursing assistants are involved in the direct care of patients at the bedside as assigned by a registered nurse. An advantage of team nursing care model is that it maximizes on the input of every team member to provide high quality and cost-effective care. Therefore, the skill of every team member is maximized on for good health outcomes. This guarantees patient satisfaction, nursing job satisfaction, and hospital satisfaction. On the other hand, establishing a team concept takes a lot of time, effort and needs consistency. It also requires a leader with strong interpersonal, communication and leadership skills, failure to which its implementation is likely to fail. ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL.